中国古代文艺理论中“天机”论的现象学观照  

The Concept of “Tianji” in Ancient Chinese Literary Criticism under the Perspective of Phenomenology

作　　者：张晶[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国传媒大学艺术研究院 [2]北京市美育与文明研究基地

出　　处：《文艺理论研究》2013年第1期167-174,201,共9页Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

摘　　要：本文是从现象学角度对中国古典美学中很难明确阐释的"天机"范畴所进行的再度审视,认为"天机"是重要的创作论范畴,对"天机"内涵的把握应该关注其五个方面的内在质素:一是由外界事物触发审美创造主体灵性的偶然性契机;二是不可遏制、必欲涌动而出的艺术生命;三是独一无二、不可重复的内在审美构形;四是充盈着主体的审美直观的强烈意向;五是表征着宇宙生命和自然渊薮的神秘力量。现象学理论中的诸多思想对我们把握"天机"内涵有着重要的意义。利用现象学的"交互性主体"理论,我们能够较为清楚地理解"天机"理论中心物或情景"应感"关系的实质;而现象学对"意向性"及"意向体验"的强调,也可以帮助我们理解"天机"理论中所包含的关于审美构形的统一性和审美意象的生命感。实际上,中国文艺创作理论中对"天机"的阐释思路也的确与西方现象学有着诸多可沟通处,因此笔者认为对现象学理论的借用将使"天机"范畴的理论阐释有进一步的深化和拓展。This paper attempts to reflect the concept of ＂tianji （Heaven＇ s secret）＂ from the perspective of phenomenology. It claims that ＂tianji＂ is an important concept in literary creation theory, and it maintains that the understanding of the concept should focus on the following five elements ： 1 ） the accidental moment of spirituality in the aesthetic subject, 2 ） artistic vitality, 3 ） the intrinsic aesthetic formation, 4） the aesthetic intention within the aesthetic subject, 5 ） the secret power of universe and nature. The paper claims that quite a few concepts in phenomenology can be used to illuminate our understanding of ＂tianji. ＂ The theory of intersubjeetivity can cast light on our understanding of the essential relation of correspondence between mind and ob- jects, and the highlighting of intentionality and intentional experiences in phenomenology may help us understand the consistency of aesthetic formation and the sense of life in aesthetic images in the concept of ＂tianji. ＂ The paper concludes that the affinities between the concept of ＂tianji＂ in Chinese theory of literary creation and Western phenomenology may further explain and expand the concept of ＂tiarJji. ＂

关 键 词：天机 现象学 偶然性 审美构形 交互性主体 意向性 

分 类 号：I206.2[文学—中国文学]