联邦制稳定性研究  

Research on The Stability of Federalism

作　　者：谈火生[1] 

机构地区：[1]清华大学社会科学学院政治学系

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2013年第1期102-119,4,共18页Global Law Review

摘　　要：与单一制相比较,"联邦制天生就是不稳定的",如何维持联邦的稳定一直是联邦制研究中的一个重要议题。关于联邦制稳定性问题的探讨形成了三条主要的路径——宪法路径、社会路径和政治路径。宪法路径将联邦制视为一种谈判机制,其核心是政府间的权力划分问题,它强调宪政结构在维持联邦制稳定过程中的作用;社会路径则关注联邦制与社会多样性之间的关联,强调各种社会因素(如基于种族、族群、语言、宗教、经济等因素而形成的认同上的差异)在维持联邦稳定过程中的作用;政治路径则认为社会路径忽视了这些社会条件得以产生的政治环境,强调政治因素(如政治结构、政党制度或代表制度)的重要性。尽管在很多时候,选择联邦体制的初衷就是为了化解社会中原本就存在的各种潜在的冲突,但是,联邦制的建立并不能保证一定能吸纳并消化这些不稳定因素。有些联邦体制本身非但无力消解这些社会性的不稳定因素,而且它自身就蕴含着各种结构性的不稳定因素。但无论是社会性的不稳定因素还是结构性的不稳定因素,只有当它们难以为体制吸纳时,它们才会成为现实的不稳定因素。Compared with unitary system, federalism is intrinsic unstable, so it is a very important issue how to maintain a federal state＇s stability. There are three approaches on this topic. The first one is constitutional approach which conceives federation as a bargain mechanism and the separation of power between governments as its core. This approach emphasizes that the constitutional structure is the most important factor in maintaining a federal state＇s stability. The second one is sociological approach which explain federalism as congruence between a set of federal institutions and societal diversity. This approach insists that social cleavages based on ethnic, linguistic, and religious are crucial factors for the longevity of federations. The last one is political approach which criticizes sociological approach for it＇s ignores the political circumstance that would bring about these social conditions, so it focuses on political factors such as political structures, political party system, and representative institution. According to present work, although a federal system is established to avoid potential conflicts, but it can not ensure that federal system can clear up these unstable factors. In some cases, federal system itself not only can not eliminate unstable factors contained in society, but also bring about some unstable factors rooted in it＇s structure. Only when an unstable factors, whether it is societal or structural, can not be absorbed by federal system, it will transform from a potential one into an actual one.

关 键 词：联邦制 政党制度 宪政结构 

分 类 号：D034[政治法律—政治学]