人工湿地中微生物群落特征及其净化机理  

Characteristics of microbial communities in constructed wetlands and their purification mechanisms

作　　者：冯冲凌[1] 李科林[1] 李芸[1] 

机构地区：[1]中南林业科技大学环境科学与工程研究中心,湖南长沙410004

出　　处：《中南林业科技大学学报》2012年第12期42-45,56,共5页Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology

基　　金：国家林业科技推广项目[2010-43];国家十二五科技支撑项目(2012BAC09B03-4);湖南省环境科学与工程重点学科与重点实验室基金

摘　　要：人工湿地系统中微生物群落特征与湿地结构、布水方式及植物种类密切相关。总体上,人工湿地系统中微生物的种类多样性和数量沿水流方向呈递减趋势,植物对湿地微生物群落的影响主要在基质表层的根际效应区间,采取控氧措施可促进微生物群落向纵深发展。人工湿地系统中的氮代谢微生物主要是硝化细菌和反硝化细菌,有新的研究表明,厌氧氨氧化细菌不仅具有较强的去氮能力,还能显著提高废水COD的去除率。不同种类的磷细菌在湿地系统中磷的溶解、沉淀和转化利用中发挥着重要的作用,生物制剂的应用可提高磷的去除率。人工湿地系统中还存在一系列具有特殊功能的微生物种类,包括可降低镉等重金属污染毒性、降解石油类化合物、多环芳烃以及酚类的微生物菌种等。研究人工湿地微生物群落季相变化演替规律及其净化机理、考察分析微生物与植物及基质之间的综合效应和筛选驯化功能菌种,是发展人工湿地技术的重点领域。The characteristics of microbial community are closely related with wetland structure, water distribution mode and plant species in constructed wetlands. In general, both the level of bio-diversity and the number of microorganisms in the system displays a decreasing trend towards the influent flow direction; the rhizosphere in the upper layer of the filter bed is the area where the plants have significant influences on microbial activities; aeration control can enhance the growth of microbial community in deeper areas. Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria are the main nitrogen metabolism microorganisms in constructed wetlands. Later researches revealed that the anammox bacteria can not only accelerate the nitrogen removal rate, but also improve the COD removal efficiency. Different phosphatesolubilizing bacteria participate in the processes of phosphorus dissolution, precipitation and transformation and thus they play important roles in phosphorus removal in the constructed wetland. Application of bio-reagents can raise the phosphorus removal rate. There are also other special types of microorganisms in constructed wetlands, including those with abilities to reduce the toxicity of cadmium or other heavy metal pollutants, and those with functions to degrade petroleum compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols. To update our knowledge, the most relevant open topics for future research will be the effect of seasonal changes on microbial community succession and related purification mechanisms, the interactions among microbial communities, plants and substrates, and the screening and domestication of functional bacteria.

关 键 词：人工湿地 污水处理 微生物群落 净化机理 

分 类 号：S719[农业科学—林学]