自然生草对黄河三角洲梨园土壤养分、酶活性及果实品质的影响  

Effects of Natural Grass on Soil Nutrient, Enzyme Activity and Fruit Quality of Pear Orchard in Yellow River Delta

作　　者：吴玉森[1] 张艳敏[1] 冀晓昊[1] 张芮[1] 刘大亮[1] 张宗营[1] 李文燕 陈学森[1] 

机构地区：[1]山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室,山东泰安271018 [2]济南军区黄河三角洲生产基地,山东东营257231

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2013年第1期99-108,共10页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划课题(2011CB100606);国家自然科学基金项目(31171932)

摘　　要：【目的】探讨多年自然生草对黄河三角洲梨园土壤水溶性总盐、有机质、矿质元素及酶活性等土壤生化性状及果实品质的影响,为中国盐碱地改良及果园生草技术的推广应用提供理论依据和基本资料。【方法】以山东东营黄河三角洲自然生草2年、4年和7年的黄金梨[Pyrus pyrifolia(Burm.f.).cv.Nakai]园土壤及果实为试材,以清耕为对照,分别测定表层(0—20 cm)及亚表层(20—40 cm)土壤水溶性总盐、有机质、矿质元素及酶活性等土壤生化性状及果实品质指标,分析其变化特征。【结果】自然生草不仅显著提高了黄河三角洲梨园0—40 cm不同土层有机质含量,同时有效降低了土壤含盐量;在0—20 cm表土层,自然生草2年的土壤硝态N等主要矿质营养元素含量均极显著低于对照,而自然生草7年的土壤硝态N主要矿质营养元素含量均极显著高于对照,但在20—40 cm亚表层,生草2—7年土壤硝态N等主要矿质营养元素含量均极显著低于对照;自然生草7年梨园的0—20 cm表层土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性为0.79 mg.g-1和1.25 mg.g-1,分别是对照的3.8倍和1.5倍,而二者在20—40 cm亚表层无显著差异;自然生草4年及7年的果实脆度、可溶性固形物含量、香气总量、总糖含量及糖酸比均明显高于生草2年的各项指标,差异达显著或极显著水平。相关分析表明,在0—20 cm表土层,土壤5种酶活性与N、P、K、Mg及Zn大都极显著正相关;而在20—40 cm亚表层,除过氧化氢酶外,其它4种酶活性与所有养分间的相关性大都不显著。【结论】自然生草对降低黄河三角洲梨园0—40 cm不同土层土壤含盐量及增加土壤有机质含量均具有明显作用;随着生草年限的增加,自然生草能有效提高参试梨园表层土壤酶活性及土壤矿质营养元素含量,并提升果实鲜食品质。[Objective] To provide a theological basis and the basic data on improving saline-alkali soil by natural grass growing techniques in orchard, the effects of this new grass management system on total soluble salt, organic matter, mineral elements concentration, enzyme activity in the soil, and fruit quality in pear orchards in the Yellow River delta were studied. [Method] The biochemical attributes of surface （0-20 cm） and sub-surface （20-40 cm） soil in the orchard with golden pear [Pyrus pyrifolia （Burm.f.）.cv. Nakai] grown with grass for 2, 4, and 7 years, respectively, were compared with that of the clean cultivated pear orchard and their way of change was analyzed. The items were measured including soil total soluble salt, organic matter,minerals and enzyme activity. The quality of the fruits produced by those orchards was also compared. [Result] The results demonstrated that the naturally grown grass significantly increased the organic matter in different layers of the soil from the surface down to 40 cm while effectively decreased the total soluble salt. In pear orchard with 2 years grass growing, the nitrate nitrogen, available phosphate and potassium, exchangeable calcium and magnesium, effective zinc, copper, and ferrous in soil layer of 0-20 cm was significantly lower than that of the clean cultivated orchard, and 7 years grass growing made nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphate and potassium, and effective zinc in the soil layer of 0-20 cm significantly higher than that of the clean cultivated orchard, while nitrogen, available phosphate and potassium, exchangeable calcium and magnesium, effective zinc, copper, and ferrous in the sub-surface soil layer was significantly lower than that of the control. And in the 7 years grass growing orchard, the urease activity in soil layer of 0-20 cm was 0.79 mg-gl and alkaline phosphatase was 1.25 mg＇g-1, which was 3.8 times and 1.5 times of that of the control, respectively, but the two enzyme activities showed no difference in the

关 键 词：梨园 自然生草 土壤营养 酶活性 果实品质 

分 类 号：S661.2[农业科学—果树学]