杨树花枝盆栽加温促进生根人工杂交育种技术  

Controlled Breeding Techniques to Accelerate Rooting of Poplar Floral Cuttings by Warming the Flowerpots

作　　者：蔄胜军 王志英[1] 苏晓华[3] 刘巍 王胜东 杨志岩 

机构地区：[1]东北林业大学林学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150040 [2]辽宁省杨树研究所,辽宁盖州115200 [3]中国林业科学研究院林业研究所,北京100091

出　　处：《林业科学研究》2013年第1期101-106,共6页Forest Research

基　　金：国家“948”项目“杨树强化杂交育种技术及自动控制关键设备引进与应用”(2006-4-61)

摘　　要：杨树杂交育种是杨树改良的最主要途径，国内外绝大多数栽培品种都是通过这一途径选育出来的，因为杂交种可以具有需要的优良品质和适应性[1-2]。除了自然界有少量天然杂交种外，人工杂交是获得杂交种的最主要手段。从种子发育的母本所处的环境来分：一种是在室外大树上的人工杂交，另一种是母本花枝切枝后在室内人工杂交。室内人工杂交可避免在野外大树上杂交操作上的一些困难，解决亲本双方花期和产地不一致的问题，便于杂交及播种整个过程的操作和环境条件的控制。室内人工杂交报道的方法主要有切枝水培法、切枝水培后土培法、花枝嫁接法等，其中，切枝水培杂交是目前获得杨树新品种重要而有效的育种途径之一，也是国内外室内杂交普遍采用的方法旧叫0；但雌花枝在切枝水培中，切枝基部都出现微生物侵染和分泌过多粘液的现象，易造成根部腐烂和缺氧，影响根系形成，从而影响水分和部分养分的吸收及运输，阻碍花的发育和种子成熟；而且在水培杂交中，必须花费大量的人力和时间，经常对切枝基部进行粘液洗清和修剪。还要给花枝打氧和换水等；同时花的发育和种子成熟所需的营养几乎完全依赖于花枝中储藏的养分，必须疏去花枝上更多的果穗，才能使少量种子得以发育。Species such as Populus deltoides Bartr. which are difficult to root and have a long period of seed matura- tion are not amenable to controlled crossing using floral cuttings in water culture. A controlled breeding technique were studies involving accelerating rooting of floral cuttings by warming the flowerpot using a constant water tempera- ture and at the same time keeping flower buds in dormancy by low temperature environment. The floral cuttings were planted in flowerpots with soil and grown in a cool （3 ℃ ） room, the pots being soaked in water at 3 different tem- peratures. After 25 days, the pots with the floral cuttings were moved to the greenhouse for controlled crossing. The floral cuttings of P. deltoides with internal soil temperature of 22 ℃ were much superior to the others. Not only did it ease maintaining the vigor of floral cuttings, but also result in more and better seeds, which had 25.5 root hairs, root length of 31.8 cm and root weight of 16. 9 g on average. The ones with 18 ℃ treatment had 12 root hairs, 10. 4 cm root length and 2. 7 g root weight on average, and the ones with 14 ℃ treatment had 2. 2 root hairs, 4. 2 cm root length and 0. 4 g root weight on average. Efforts to improve rooting of P. deltoids by warming the flowerpot proved to be successful in controlled crossing with species of sections Aigeiros and Tacamahaca. All the floral cuttings in soils at 22 ℃ produced seeds （ 100% ）, with an average of 1 800 seeds per floral cutting. 60% floral cuttings at 18 ℃ treatment survived, but the flowers fell because the cuttings had so weak root hairs that they were not enough to sup- port blooming, with an average of 1 000 seeds per fruited cutting. Of those at 14 ℃ treatment, 20% of cuttings pro- duced seeds, with an average of 500 seeds per fruited cutting, and 80% of the floral cuttings were infected by can- ker. Other female parents such as P. × canadensis showed similar results to P. deltoides, but floral cuttings of sec- tion Tacamahaca have good rooting in wate

关 键 词：杨树 人工杂交育种 花枝盆栽加温 生根 

分 类 号：S792.11[农业科学—林木遗传育种]