基于LifeMod对跳马过程中体操运动员-落地垫动力学关系的计算机仿真  

Computer Simulation of Kinetics Relationship between Gymnast and Landing Mat in Vault Based on LifeMod

作　　者：李旭鸿[1,2] 郝卫亚[3] 于佳彬[4] 吴成亮[5] 

机构地区：[1]上海体育学院运动科学学院,上海200438 [2]浙江体育科学研究所,浙江杭州310004 [3]国家体育总局体育科学研究所,北京100061 [4]北京体育大学研究生院,北京100084 [5]重庆三峡学院,重庆404100

出　　处：《体育科学》2013年第3期81-87,共7页China Sport Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(10972062);上海体育学院研究生创新项目(YJSCX2012008);浙江省属科研院所扶持专项计划项目(2012F20047)

摘　　要：体操运动员跳马落地时下肢受到较大的冲击负荷,通常会导致关节损伤,探寻运动员落地垫力学特性的改变对下肢关节负荷的影响,旨在为下肢关节损伤的预防提供科学依据。首先,通过人体运动仿真软件LifeMod/ADAMS构建19个环节的个性化人体模型,之后,通过受试者落地过程的动作捕捉、高速摄像和测力台实验对模型加以验证,证明所建立模型的有效性。利用所建的模型,对高水平运动员在实际比赛中完成跳马技术动作进行捕捉,随后改变跳马落地垫的力学参数进行仿真研究。结果发现,人体落地冲击分为冲击和平衡两个阶段,人体肌肉骨骼系统具有缓冲减震的功能,踝、膝和髋关节分别延迟15 ms、17ms和19ms达到关节反作用力峰值。另外,落地过程中膝关节的伸肌力矩和髋关节的外展力矩分别在矢状面、额状面内起主导作用。当增加落地垫的阻尼导致踝关节在矢状面内受到的负荷明显增大,但增加刚度对体操运动员负荷的影响相对较小。而在额状面内,增加落地垫的刚度和阻尼导致下肢各关节的力矩明显增大,将增加下肢损伤的风险。Lower extremities of gymnasts suffer larger impact forces during landing of vaults which often induce injuries of lower limbs. In order to provide scientific reference for preven-tion of the injury, this paper investigated the effects of mechanical characteristics of landing mat on landing impact. A subject-specific model with 19 segments of a gymnast was firstly devel-oped using simulation software of human movement LifeMod/ADAMS. After that, the model was tested and proved to be valid and feasible using our experiment data of motion-capture system, high-speed cameras and force-plate. A vault performed by the gymnast was then simu-lated. Using the model computer simulation was performed to investigate how modifications to the mat stiffness and damping affect the impact forces. The results indicated that the landing maneuver included two phases, impact phase and balance phase. The joint reaction forces of an-kle,knee and hip reached their respective peaks in the impact phase with delays of about 15ms,17ms and 19ms due to the attenuation of the musculo-skeletal system. The torque of knee extensors played an important role in the dissipation of-forces in sagittal plane during landing, and that of hip abductors did in frontal plane. The simulation results also indicated that the reaction forces in sagittal plane of ankle increased obviously when mat damping in-creased, while mat stiffness affect little on the impact loads. All the reaction forces in frontal plane of the joints increased greatly when landing mat damping and stiffness increased, which meant increment of injury risk.

关 键 词：体操 跳马 运动员 落地 冲击 落地垫 仿真 生物力学 

分 类 号：G804.6[文化科学—运动人体科学]