市场经济为什么是创新的机器——基于马克思《资本论》相关论述的思考  

Why Market Economy Is an Innovation Driver——Reflections Based on Relevant Statements in Karl Marx's On Capital

作　　者：李义平[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学经济学院,北京100872

出　　处：《教学与研究》2013年第3期43-48,共6页Teaching and Research

摘　　要：本文梳理了马克思在《资本论》里关于创新的一系列论述。首先论述了由于交易标准是社会必要劳动时间而不是个别劳动时间,并由此激励了旨在提高生产效率缩短个别劳动时间的创新;其次,论证了创新形成超额利润的过程,以及军备竞赛式的创新激励着进一步的创新;再次,分析了行业之间的竞争形成了平均利润,并且使社会资源得以有利于创新的最佳配置;最后阐述了经济下行期特有的淘汰、兼并、重组是市场经济下创新的杠杆。本文认为,我国经济正处在由大到强的关键时刻,实现由大到强必须由创新驱动。本文结合我国实际,对进一步完善市场经济体制、加强激励创新的制度安排进行了有针对性的分析。This essay discusses, in some detail, a series of Karl Marx＇s statements about inno- vation in his anti-capitalist work On Capital. It starts by elaborating on the view that the use of socially rather than individually necessary labor time as the criterion of a transaction inspires the innovation whereby to raise production efficiency and shorten individual labor time. Then, it moves on to Marx＇s statement about super profits spurred by innovation, and about further inno- vations escalated by such ＂arms races＂ to be creatively new. The third statement this essay dis- cusses is that the average profits, formed by competition among those engaged in the same trade, allow the allotment of social resources to favor innovation. Last comes the discussion on elimina- tion, merger and reorganization as a driver for innovation, peculiar to an economic downturn peri- od, under the condition of market economy. The author of this essay holds that the crucial trans- formation of the Chinese economy from big to truly strong can only be achieved through innova- tion. What can also be found in this essay is a contextually suitable proposal on how to further activate the market mechanism and strengthen institutional arrangements for innovation in the light of national conditions and practice.

关 键 词：社会必要劳动时间 超额利润 竞争 危机与创新 

分 类 号：F091.91[经济管理—政治经济学]