三峡水库蓄水前后鄱阳湖水位变化对钉螺孳生地的影响  

The impact of water level changes on the Oncomelania snail habitats in Poyang Lake regions before and after the impoundment of Three Gorges reservoir

作　　者：朱蓉[1,2] 周艺彪[1] 张利娟[2] 何战英[3] 徐小林[2] 郭家钢[2] 赵根明[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学公共卫生学院公共卫生安全教育部重点实验室,上海200032 [2]中国疾病预防控制中心寄生虫病预防控制所 [3]北京市疾病预防控制中心传染病地方病控制所

出　　处：《中华预防医学杂志》2013年第3期219-222,共4页Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine

基　　金：基金项目：世界卫生组织2010-2011双年度项目（WPCHN1002405）;世界卫生组织2012--2013双年度项目（WPCHN1206288）

摘　　要：目的分析三峡水库蓄水对鄱阳湖地区钉螺孳生的影响。方法选择位于鄱阳湖上、中、下游的星子、都昌、进贤和新建4个血吸虫病流行县，以及邻近的4个水文站点进行调查。收集1997--2008年4个水文站点日水位数据，4个县的215块有螺洲滩的高程数据，以及三峡蓄水前1年（2002年）和蓄水后第6年（2008年）4个县的疫情调查数据和钉螺调查数据，比较三峡蓄水前后鄱阳湖水位波动、有螺洲滩水淹天数、钉螺指标和血吸虫病防治指标的变化情况。结果三峡水库蓄水前，鄱阳湖4个水文站平均水位波动为6．91～12．93m；蓄水后，平均水位波动减小为5．72—10．75m，水位波动差值为（1．06±0．47）m，年最高水位出现日期平均推迟了12d，年最低水位出现日期平均提前了12d。蓄水前，有螺洲滩的平均水淹天数为（100．04±42．06）d，蓄水后为（64．13±22．30）d，差异有统计学意义（t=3．70，P〈0．05）。蓄水后，鄱阳湖钉螺密度为0．8437只／0．1m2，较蓄水前（1．2234只／0．1m2）下降了31．04％；感染螺密度为n0014只／0．1m2，较蓄水前（0．0042只／n1m2）下降了67．34％。蓄水前，鄱阳湖钉螺感染率为n34％，蓄水后为O16％，差异有统计学意义（x2=53．25，P〈0．05）。人群化疗覆盖率由2002年的4．45％（35558／798200）上升到2008年的9．80％（79457／810400），差异有统计学意义（x2=17336．63，P〈0．05）；灭螺覆盖率由2002年的1．35％（389．04／28824．66）上升到2008年的7．49％（2260．90／30166．22），差异有统计学意义（x2=28824．66，P〈0．05）。结论三峡蓄水缩短鄱阳湖地区有螺洲滩水淹天数，不利于钉螺的孳生，对鄱阳湖区血吸虫病的防治将起到积极作用。Objective To explore the impact of the impoundment of Three Gorges reservoir on Oncomelania snail habitats of Poyang Lake. Methods Four counties with schistosomiasis endemic around the Poyang Lake, naming as Xingzi, Duchang, Jinxian and Xinjian, were selected as study areas. The average daily water level of four major hydrological stations near the above 4 counties from 1997 to 2008 were collected, as well as the elevation of 215 marshlands with snails in those 4 counties, the data of schistosomiasis endemic situation and snail survey of 4 counties in the year before the impoundment of Three Gorges reservoir （2002） and the 6th year after： the impoundment of Three Gorges reservoir （2008）. The fluctuations of water levels of Poyang Lake, flooding d.ay of marshland with snails as well as the changes of the indicators in snail survey and prevention and control measures before and after the impoundment of Three Gorges reservoir were compared. Results Before the impoundment of Three Gorges reservoir, the fluctuations of average water level of the four hydrological stations around Poyang Lake was 6. 91 - 12. 93 m; which reduced to 5.72 -10. 75 m after the impoundment. The D-value of the fluctuations of average water level was （ 1.06 ± 0. 47） m. The date of the annual maximum water level delayed by an average of 12 d; while the date of annual minimmn water level arrived an average of 12 d earlier than the impoundment of Three Gorges reservoir. The average flooding days of marshland with snails were separately （ 100. 04 ± 42.06） d before the impoundment and （64. 13±22. 30） d after the impoundment. The difference was statistically significant （t = 3.70 ,P 〈 0. 05 ）. The density of snails in the 4 counties around Poyang Lake was 0. 8437/0. lm2 after the impoundment; declining by 31.04% from the snail density （ 1. 2234/0. 1 m2 ） before the impoundment. The density of infectious snails was 0. 0014/0. 1 m2 after the impoundment; dropping by 67.34% from it （0. 0042/0. 1 m2） before the impo

关 键 词：血吸虫病 环境监测 三峡水库 

分 类 号：R383.2[医药卫生—医学寄生虫学]