稻麦连作中超高产栽培小麦和水稻的养分吸收与积累特征  

Characteristics of Nutrient Uptake and Accumulation in Wheat and Rice with Continuous Cropping under Super-High-Yielding Cultivation

作　　者：李鸿伟[1] 杨凯鹏[1] 曹转勤[1] 王志琴[1] 杨建昌[1] 

机构地区：[1]扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室,江苏扬州225009

出　　处：《作物学报》2013年第3期464-477,共14页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2009CB118603);国家自然科学基金重大国际合作交流项目(31061140457);国家自然科学基金项目(31071360;31271641);江苏省基础研究计划项目(BK2009005);中央级科研院所基本科研(农业)业务费专项基金项目(201103003;201203079);国家"十二五"科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD16B14);江苏高校优势学科建设工程专项经费资助

摘　　要：以2个小麦品种和2个水稻品种为材料,大田种植,稻麦连作,重复2年,设置超高产栽培和当地高产栽培两种栽培模式,旨在探明超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累特征。超高产栽培中,采用实地氮肥管理及水稻轻干湿交替灌溉和小麦控制土壤水分灌溉等关键技术。与当地高产栽培(小麦产量<8thm-2,水稻产量<10thm-2)相比,超高产栽培(小麦产量>9thm-2,水稻产量>12thm-2)小麦和水稻的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)总吸收量显著增加,并表现为拔节前的吸收和积累量显著降低,拔节至开花、开花至成熟的吸收积累量显著提高。超高产栽培的N、P、K的总吸收量,小麦分别为265、58和256kghm-2,水稻分别为256、79和321kghm-2。上述3种元素于生育中后期(拔节至成熟)的吸收量占总吸收量的比例,小麦为50%～60%,水稻为60%～70%。超高产栽培显著提高了N、P、K偏生产力(产量/N、P、K施用量)、养分吸收的养分籽粒生产率(籽粒产量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量)和养分收获指数(籽粒N、P、K吸收量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量),降低了生产单位籽粒产量的养分吸收量(成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量/籽粒产量)。本研究结果显示,超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累具有生育前期较低、生育中期和后期较高的特点,且养分吸收利用效率提高。Understanding characteristics of nutrient uptake and accumulation in plants would be highly significant in the realiza- tion of high-yielding and high efficiency of resource use in rice and wheat. This study aimed at investigating uptake and accumu- lation characteristics of nitrogen （N）, phosphorous （P）, and potassium （K） in rice and wheat plants under super-high-yielding cul- tivation in the wheat-rice planting system in the lower reaches of Yangtze River of China. Two high-yielding wheat varieties and two rice varieties were field-grown for two years. Two cultivation patterns, the local farmers＇ practice and super-high-yielding cultivation, were used. The super-high-yielding cultivation adopted two new key techniques, i.e., site-specific nitrogen manage- ment and alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation in rice and controlled soil drying irrigation in wheat. In comparison with those under the local farmers＇ practice （wheat yield 〈 8 t ha-1 and rice yield 〈 9 t ha-l）, the total uptake of N, P, or K in plants was significantly increased, and the accumulation of N, P, or K was significantly decreased before stem elongation, whereas it was significantly increased in the durations from the stem elongation to flowering and from flowering to maturity under the su- per-high-yielding cultivation （wheat yield 〉 9 t ha-1 and rice yield 〉 12 t ha-l）. The total uptake of N, P, and K under the su- per-high-yielding cultivation was 265, 58, and 256 kg ha-l for wheat and 256, 79, and 321 kg ha 1 for rice, respectively. The pro- portion of N, P, or K accumulated in plants during the mid and late growth period （from stem elongation to maturity） to the total uptake of nutrients was 50~50% for wheat and 60-70% for rice. The super-high-yielding cultivation significantly increased partial factor productivity of N, P, or K （grain yield/amount of N, P, or K applied）, internal nutrient efficiency （grain yield/total uptake of N, P, or K at maturity）, and harvest index of nutrients （

关 键 词：超高产栽培 养分吸收 实地氮肥管理 轻干湿交替灌溉 控制土壤水分 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]