不同耕作模式对旱地小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响  

Effects of different tillage patterns on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of dryland wheat

作　　者：王维[1,2] 韩清芳[1] 吕丽霞[2] 侯贤清[1,2] 张鹏[1,2] 贾志宽[1] 丁瑞霞[1] 聂俊峰[1] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,农业部西北黄土高原作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学林学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《干旱地区农业研究》2013年第1期20-26,共7页Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas

基　　金：“十一五”国家科技支撑课题(2006BAD29B03);“十二五”国家科技支撑课题(2012BAD09B03)

摘　　要：通过在宁南旱区连续2年的定位试验,比较了连年免耕(NT)、连年深松(ST)、免耕/深松(NT/ST)、深松/免耕(ST/NT)、传统翻耕(CT)5种耕作模式下冬小麦花后旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明,小麦开花至灌浆期,ST、NT/ST、ST/NT和NT的旗叶叶绿素相对含量分别较CT提高32.2%、27.4%、13.5%和11%;旗叶日均光合速率平均分别提高1.6、1.2、0.9和0.6μmol.m-2.s-1(P<0.05);旗叶日均蒸腾速率平均分别提高1.2、0.9、0.7和0.3 mmol.m-2.s-1(P<0.05)。ST和NT/ST处理的叶片瞬时水分用效率较CT显著提高。开花期和灌浆期,与CT相比,其他4种耕作模式均提高了PSⅡ最大光化学效率、PSⅡ潜在活性、实际光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数和非光化学猝灭系数,减少了光抑制程度。NT/ST、ST、ST/NT和NT处理较CT分别增产42.1%、35.3%、30.3%和23.5%,基于产量的水分利用效率分别提高51.3%、37.8%、19.9%和14.6%。免耕、深松及二者轮耕处理可降低旱地土壤水分的无效蒸发消耗,并提高旱地作物的蒸腾效率,以连年深松和免耕/深松处理提高产量和水分利用效率尤为显著。The SPAD value, photosynthetic characteristics, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of wheat flag leaf after flowering stage were studied in a 2-year located experiment in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia Autonomous Region using five tillage practices of successive no-tillage （NT）, successive subsoiling （ST）, subsoiling/no-tillage（ST/ NT）, no-tillage/subsoiling （NT/ST）, and conventional tillage （CT）. The results showed that the chlorophyll relative content under ST, NT/ST, ST/NT and NT were 32.2%, 27.4%, 13.5%, and 11% higher than CT, respectively, from flowering to filling stage. Compared with CT, the flag leaf daily average photosynthesis rate （Pn） of different tillage treatments increased by 1.6, 1.2, 0.9, and 0.6 ktmol＂ m- 2. s- 1 （ p 〈 0.05）, and the transpiration rate （Tr） increased by 1.2, 0.9, 0.7, and 0.3 mmol＂ m- 2. s- 1 （ p 〈 0.05）. The water use efficiency of flag leaf uder ST and NT/ST was significantly higher than that of CT. In the flowering and filling stages, compared with CT, the values of Fv/Fm, Fv/ Fo, ~PS II , qP and qN increased and the photoinhibition degree decreased for the ST, NT/ST, ST/NT and NT treat- ments. Grain yields increased by 42.1%, 35.3%, 30.3% and 23.5% under the NT/ST, ST, ST/NT, and NT treat- ments. The WUE based on crop yield increased by 51.3%, 37.8%, 19.9% and 14.6% respectively, compared with the CT. The continuous no-tillage, subsoiling, and two rotation tillage practices could improve the crop transpiration effi- ciency with limited rainfall in dryland, and reduce invalid evaporation of soil moisture. Eventually, the grain yield and WUE of the ST and NT/ST treatments were significantly improved.

关 键 词：宁南旱区 耕作模式 冬小麦 叶绿素荧光参数 产量 

分 类 号：S512.101[农业科学—作物学]