低压喷灌对土壤-小麦系统氮素时空分布及产量的影响  

Effects of low-pressure sprinkler irrigation on spatiotemporal distribution of nitrogen in soil-wheat system and wheat grain yield

作　　者：王科[1] 王志强[1] 马超[1] 张志伟[1] 林同保[1] 

机构地区：[1]河南农业大学农学院/河南省粮食作物生理生态与遗传改良重点实验室,郑州450002

出　　处：《生态学杂志》2013年第4期890-898,共9页Chinese Journal of Ecology

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(200903007;201203077)资助

摘　　要：为建立冬小麦节水省肥的高效灌溉模式,以传统地面灌溉方式(漫灌)为对照,研究不同水量的低压喷灌对冬小麦土壤-作物系统氮素时空分布及产量的影响。结果表明:低压喷灌显著降低了土壤紧实度,增大了开花期后土壤脲酶活性,使土壤硝、铵态氮集中分布在0～60cm的根系密集土层范围内,防止了水分和氮肥的深层渗漏;低压喷灌显著降低了氨挥发速率峰值和氨挥发总量,同时,植株冠层叶片、叶鞘和茎秆垂直分布的全氮含量及氮素转运率均大于传统漫灌,产量及水氮利用效率均有不同程度增加。在本试验条件下,低压喷灌减量15%的处理小麦产量及水氮利用效率最高,水氮损失最少。In order to establish an efficient irrigation model to save water and fertilizer for winter wheat （ Triticum aestivum） , a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different wa- ter application amounts of low-pressure sprinkler irrigation on the spatiotemporal distribution of nitrogen in soil-winter wheat system and the wheat grain yield, with the traditional surface irriga- tion （flooding irrigation） as the control. Low-pressure sprinkler irrigation decreased the soil com- paction significantly, increased the soil urease activity after flowering stage, and made the soil NOa--N and NH4^＋-N concentrated in 0-60 cm root zone, preventing the further leakage of water and fertilizer nitrogen. As compared with flooding irrigation, low-pressure sprinkler irrigation de- creased the peak of ammonia volatilization rate and the total amount of ammonia volatilization sig- nificantly, and increased the total nitrogen content and nitrogen transport rate of plant leaves, sheaths, and stems considerably. Both the wheat grain yield and the water- and nitrogen use effi- ciency under low-pressure sprinkler irrigation were increased to different extent, and the treat- ment with 15% reduction of water application amount obtained the highest grain yield and the highest water- and nitrogen use efficiency while the least losses of water and fertilizer nitrogen.

关 键 词：冬小麦 低压喷灌 氮素偏生产力 水分利用效率 产量 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]