抵抗权:欧洲封建主义的历史遗产  

Right to Resistance:The Historical Heritage of European Feudalism

作　　者：侯建新[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]天津师范大学欧洲经济社会发展研究中心 [2]南京大学历史学系,教授天津300387

出　　处：《世界历史》2013年第2期21-32,158-159,共12页World History

基　　金：教育部人文社科重点研究基地重大项目"西欧文明的基础"(项目号:12JJD770008)的阶段成果

摘　　要：西罗马帝国覆灭后,欧洲公共权力分散,面对内外安全威胁,在特定的历史条件下,社会产生了一种自下而上的、以个人关系为纽带的军事防御体系,即欧洲封建制度(Feudalism)。该统治方式的特点在于,其基本关系不是国王与臣民,而是领主与附庸。领主与附庸双方都有可以享有的权利和必须履行的义务,均受封建法保护。附庸的权利得到法律认可和保护,其逻辑的演绎势必产生维护权利的主张,此即欧洲著名"抵抗权"的起点,从而孕育着欧洲封建制最深刻的内在矛盾。西欧中世纪的阶级斗争或等级斗争,不仅诉诸暴力,也诉诸法庭,"谈判"与"妥协"成为解决社会冲突的重要选项。从这种解决社会冲突的方式中,西欧封建主义获得了其最重要的历史遗产。"大宪章"的斗争模式反复出现,使欧洲社会不断调整和更新,而且反复小、社会发展成本低。After the destruction of Western Roman Empire,European public rights were decentralized.During the special historical period,Europe suffered both internal and external security threats.Thus,Europe's Feudalism occurred in society as a military defense system from higher classes to lower classes,with personal relationships as the link.The characteristics of this ruling way did not present in the king and civil people's relationship,but the lords and vassals as the basic relationship.Both of them had compulsory obligations and rights,which were protected by the Feudal Laws.Vassal's rights enjoyed legal recognition and protection,the logic of which certainly resulted in the provokes of rights protection.This was the beginning of famous European 'right to resistance'.As a consequence,it gave birth to the deepest internal paradoxes within European Feudalism.The rank/classes struggles inWestern European Middle Ages resorted not only to violence but also to court. ' Negotiations' and 'compromises' became the key parts to solve social conflict,from which the Western Europe's Feudalism gained its most important historical heritage.The conflict mode of ' the Great Charter' appeared repeatedly.Therefore,European society underwent non-stop adjustments and updates,with a low cost of social development and repetition rate.

关 键 词：欧洲 封建制 领主附庸关系抵抗权 历史遗产 

分 类 号：K126[历史地理—历史学]