田间微集雨技术研究及应用  

Development and application of micro-field rain-harvesting technologies

作　　者：莫非[1] 周宏[1,2] 王建永[1] 赵鸿[1,3] 张恒嘉[2] 吴姗[1,2] 陈应龙[4] 杨通[1] 邓浩亮[1,2] Asfa Batool 王润元[3] Simon Nzou Nguluu 李凤民[1] 熊友才[1] 

机构地区：[1]兰州大学生命科学学院干旱农业生态研究所/草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室,兰州730020 [2]甘肃农业大学工学院,兰州730070 [3]中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所,甘肃省气候变化与减灾重点开放实验室,兰州730020 [4]西澳大学地球与环境学院及农业研究所,澳大利亚珀斯6009 [5]肯尼亚国家农业研究院Katumani研究中心,肯尼亚马查科斯340

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2013年第8期1-17,共17页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家重大基础研究计划973项目(2009CB825101);国家公益性行业(气象)科研专项子课题(GYHY201106029-2);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目lzujbky-2010-k02);科技部国际科技合作项目(2010DFA32790);教育部直属高校海外名师项目(Ms2011LZDX059)

摘　　要：过去30a,田间微集雨技术逐渐发展成为黄土高原雨养农业区的主要耕作技术。自上世纪八十年代以来,不同田间微集雨及覆盖(地膜、砂石和秸秆)栽培技术在黄土高原不断更新换代,先后经历了垄沟无覆盖技术、平地覆盖技术、垄沟半覆盖技术和垄沟全覆盖技术等发展过程,特别是沟垄地膜全覆盖技术大面积推广和应用,为西北旱区粮食单产大幅度提高提供了强大的支撑作用。本文综述了田间微集雨技术的演变历程及对农田生态系统的影响及机理,归纳了垄沟和覆盖模式及播种方式对作物产量形成、水分利用效率、作物生理生态、土壤质量、土壤微生物、杂草、病虫害、覆盖物残留和作物物候等的影响,并分析了该技术的高产高效和生态风险以及两者的互作关系。文章最后还对该技术的高效性、可持续性和发展潜力进行了讨论,旨在对雨养农业生态系统的可持续管理提供理论指导。In the typical rainfed agricultural regions of China such as the Loess Plateau, average annual rainfall ranges from 300 to 550 mm. Spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is extremely uneven and there is a serious dislocation between water supply and demand during critical period of crop water requirement. Developing efficient rain-harvesting farming technology is critical for local food production. Over last three decades, micro-field rain-harvesting and evaporation-preventing techniques have gradually become major tillage management approaches in rainfed agricultural areas of the Loess Plateau. Since 1980s, various micro-field rainwater-harvesting techniques have been developed with integrating mulching （film, gravel or straw） practices in the Loess Plateau. These techniques include ridge-furrow cultivation with half, whole or without mulching, and flat planting with mulching. Especially, large-area extension and application of the techniques for ridge and furrow with whole plastic mulching has played a vital supporting role to ensure the increase in grain yield per unit area in a large extent in dry areas of northwest China. Currently, this farming technique was widely recognized as an optimal pattern of micro-field rain-harvesting technology. In general, micro-field rainwater-harvesting mulching technology was designed as alternating furrow and ridge array with partly or fully mulching on the topsoil. The ridge and the furrow were used to harvest and collect runoff, respectively, and crop was planted in the furrow. This paper reviewed the evolution process of micro-field rain-harvesting and evaporation techniques and their influences on farmland ecosystem. We also summarized the effects of ridge-furrow mulching modes and sowing methods on crop yield formation, water use efficiency, crop ecophysiology, soil quality, soil microbial, weeds, plant diseases and insect pests, mulching residues and crop phenology. In addition, enhanced productivity and efficiency, potential ecological risks of these techni

关 键 词：土壤 含水率 降雨 田间微集雨系统 雨养农业 高产高效 可持续性 

分 类 号：S314[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术]