长期不同施肥对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤残留肥料氮去向的影响  

Effects of Long-Term Different Fertilizations on the Fate of Residual Fertilizer N in a Wheat-Maize Rotation System

作　　者：赵伟[1] 梁斌[1,2] 杨学云[1] 周建斌[1] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]青岛农业大学资源环境学院,山东青岛266109

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2013年第8期1628-1634,共7页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家"十二五"科技支撑计划课题(2012BAD15B04);国家自然科学基金(40571087);西北农林科技大学创新团队项目

摘　　要：【目的】研究残留肥料氮在不同肥力土壤中的去向。【方法】采用15N标记田间微区试验法研究小麦-玉米轮作下,施用的肥料氮在3种长期(19年)不同施肥处理土壤(不施肥土壤,No-F;施用氮、磷、钾化肥土壤,NPK;有机无机配施土壤,MNPK)连续3季作物收获后的去向。【结果】NPK和MNPK处理土壤3季作物对标记氮肥总利用率分别为57%和65%,均显著高于No-F处理土壤(28%)(P<0.05)。No-F、NPK和MNPK处理土壤随后两季(第二季和第三季)作物对第一季收获后残留氮肥的利用率分别为17%、15%和8%,其中No-F处理土壤第三季作物对残留肥料氮的利用率为7%,显著高于NPK(2%)和MNPK处理(3%)。3季作物收获后,No-F、NPK和MNPK处理土壤施入氮肥在土壤和作物系统的总回收率分别为50%、77%和84%,损失率分别为50%、23%和16%。3季作物收获后三供试土壤标记氮肥残留率均约为20%,且主要分布在0—20 cm土层。【结论】长期平衡施肥尤其长期有机无机配施可显著提高肥料氮利用率,降低氮肥损失。[Objective] The fate of residual fertilizer N was studied in soils with different fertilities. [Method] The aim of this experiment was to study the fates of residual fertilizer N after three consecutive growing seasons in the soils with a history of long-term different fertilizations （including no fertilizer （No-F soil）, inorganic NPK fertilizer （NPK soil）, and cattle manure plus inorganic NPK （MNPK soil）） using the 15N microplot method. [Result] The total urea-15N use efficiency in the NPK and MNPK soils （57% and 65%, respectively） during the three growing seasons was significantly （P〈0.05） higher than that in the No-F soil （28%）. The uptake rate of the residual urea-15N by the crops growing in the subsequent two seasons were 17% for the No-F soil, 15% for the NPK soil, and 8% for the MNPK soil. And 7% of the residual urea-15N was taken up by the third crops in the No-F soil, 2% in the NPK soil and 3% in the MNPK soil. The total urea-15N recovery rate （urea-15N uptake by the three crops and urea-15N residual in the 0-100 cm soil layers） were 50% in the No-F soil, 77% in the NPK soil and 84% in the MNPK soil. And the total loss rate of urea-15N were 50% in the No-F soil, 23% in the NPK soil and 16% in the MNPK soil after the three growing seasons. The residual rate of the urea-15N in the 0-100 cm soil layers was about 20% in all soils after the three growing season, mainly in the 0-20 cm soil layers. [Conclusion] The conclusion is that the residual fertilizer N has high availability for the subsequent crops, and the long-term combined application of cattle manure and inorganic NPK can increase fertilizer N use efficiency and decrease its loss.

关 键 词：长期施肥土壤 15N标记 残留肥料氮 氮肥利用率 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学] S513