汉语里的另一种类指成分--兼论汉语类指成分的语用功能  

A special kind-denoting construction in Chinese: In comparison with other generic expressions

作　　者：李劲荣[1] 

机构地区：[1]上海上海财经大学国际文化交流学院

出　　处：《中国语文》2013年第3期238-250,288,共13页Studies of the Chinese Language

摘　　要：本文讨论同位结构"我/你一个NP"的话语性质,指出它带有明显的类指倾向,凸显的是概念的内涵,常出现于非事件句中充当话题。语义上,只有指人的非关系名词才能进入该格式,且常为下位层次范畴,这满足了结构的内涵凸显属性和主观评价性要求。语用功能上,该结构常出现于对话语境,对意料之外的情况进行现场评论,目的是探究相关当事人的责任,即"我一个NP"是推脱责任,"你一个NP"为追究责任,我们称为"问责式"。与之相比较,汉语另外两种类指成分的语用功能分别是:光杆NP表达某种自然规律或社会公约,称为"公约式";而"一个NP"则更倾向于表示某种社会价值取向或某个普遍道理,称为"宣教式"。这两种类指成分的语法意义在于表明情况的出现是在情理之中。The appositive construction ‘wo / ni yige-NP ( 我 / 你一个 NP; Lit. I / you one-Cl NP) ’,to be noteworthy enough,is generic in nature and refers to the connotation of the NP instead of its denotation. This construction often occurs as a topic in a non-event sentence. Semantically,only non-relational and human-referring nouns can be used in this structure and the NP belongs to a ‘lower level category’ in nature ( e. g. ‘a woman’, instead of ‘a human being’ which is at higher level) . Pragmatically, this structure is often employed in conversations to help make an on-the-spot comment in unexpected situations and thus labeled in this article a ‘Responsibility Type’, different from the ‘Convention Type’ and the ‘Instruction Type’, represented respectively by the other two kind-denoting expressions in Chinese, bare NP, and ‘yige-NP ( Lit. one-Cl NP) ’.

关 键 词：“我 你一个NP”类指 非关系名词 语用功能 公约式 宣教式 问责式 

分 类 号：H14[语言文字—汉语]