决定论与自由意志关系新探  

New Consideration on Relationship between Determinism and Freewill

作　　者：俞吾金[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2013年第2期2-22,30,共22页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：985工程第三期项目"后现代视域中的马克思理论"(项目批准号:2011RWXKZD011);国家社会科学基金重点项目"科学发展观重大问题研究"(项目批准号:09AZD008)的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：决定论与自由意志的关系是哲学探讨的基本难题之一,它贯穿于整个哲学史、科学史、宗教史、伦理史等领域。在对这个难题的探讨中存在着以下三种代表性的观点:一是决定论,即从因果性、必然性角度出发去解释宇宙中发生的所有现象;二是非决定论或自由意志论,即从偶然性或自由意志的角度出发去解释宇宙中发生的所有现象;三是相容论,即肯定自由不是别的,恰恰是对必然的认识。我们提出的第四种观点是:这个难题之所以悬而未决,是因为自由意志的部分内容超出了与决定论相关的问题域。而在当代科学技术高度发展的背景下,超出部分的内容,即自由意志与共同体内的道德、法律的关系变得越来越重要。在某种意义上,决定论与自由意志关系的难题已被自由意志的限度问题所取代。The relationship between determinism and freewill is one of the fundamental problems in philosophical field,which runs through the whole history of philosophy,science,religion and ethics,etc.There have long been three representative ideas in the studies of this problem.The first idea is determinism which explains all phenomena in the cosmos from the perspective of causality and necessity.The second idea is indeterminism or theory of freewill which explains all phenomena in the cosmos from the perspective of chance or freewill.The third idea is compatibilism which insists on the fact that freedom is nothing but a cognition of necessity.The fourth idea we put forward here is as follows: This problem has been open for a long time,because certain content of the freewill is beyond the field of this problem related to determinism,and the content beyond determinism,i.e.,the relationship between freewill and morality,law in a community becomes more and more important with the background of rapid development of contemporary science and technology.In certain sense,the problem of the limit of freewill has taken the place of the relation-problem between determinism and freewill.

关 键 词：决定论 自由意志 因果性 必然性 偶然性 相容性 限度 

分 类 号：B023[哲学宗教—哲学理论]