黄土高原坡面水土保持措施减沙水代价分析  

Effectiveness of Soil and Water Conservation Practices in Runoff Control on Slope Lands in Loess Plateau

作　　者：严丽[1] 侯群群[1] 王飞[2,3] 穆兴民[2,3] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100 [3]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《水土保持通报》2013年第2期213-217,共5页Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目"基于相同气候条件的人类活动对河流水沙影响定量评价:以黄土高原延河流域为例"(41171420);中国科学院重点部署项目;黄土高原及周边沙地近代生态环境的演变与可持续性课题的子课题(KZZD-EW-04-07-04);中国科学院对外合作重点项目(GJHZ1018);Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research(OND1339291)

摘　　要：不同的水土保持措施在减少侵蚀泥沙的同时对径流量的影响不同。以裸坡地水土流失为对照,分析了不同水土保持措施减水减沙比(Rrs),并以其作为减沙水代价指标,根据黄土高原土壤侵蚀严重的丘陵沟壑区(西峰、绥德、天水等3个典型区)的农地径流小区多年观测资料,分析了不同耕作措施及生物措施的减沙水代价(Rrs)。结果表明,不同耕作方式Rrs差异很大,变化幅度在8.5～36.4m3/t;在耕作措施上,横向耕作的Rrs大于防冲沟和浅耕,深耕Rrs最小;生物措施方面,低秆与高秆作物间作措施Rrs大于单作低秆作物和中高秆作物轮作,牧草(草木樨、苜蓿)轮作的Rrs较农作物轮作大,且草木樨与农作物轮作的Rrs大于苜蓿与农作物轮作。随着雨量的增加和坡度的增大,耕作措施和生物措施Rrs呈减小趋势。Rrs较大的措施在减少相同的坡面侵蚀泥沙时,有利于增加土壤水分,但是不利于径流形成。Ditferent soil and water conservation practices otten varied considerably in sediment interception and runoff reduction. The cost effectiveness of sediment control can be quantified by the ratio of detained runoff and sediment（Rn ）. Perennially monitoring data were collected from three typical loess regions （Xifeng and Tianshui City in Gansu Province, Suide City in Shaanxi Province） and R, were calculated for different tillage and biological practices. The results showed that the R~ varied greatly from 8.5 to 36.4 m3/t. For tillage management, contour tillage showed the highest R,s, followed by level ditch tillage and shallow plo- wing, while deep plowing had the lowest. For biological managements, the R~ of intercropping of low-stem and high-stem crops was higher than those of monoculture of low crops and rotation of middle high-stem crops. The R., of pasture（sweet clover, alfalfa） rotation was significantly higher than crop rotation, and sweet clover/crop rotation system was better than alfalfa-crop rotation system in terms of erosion control. With increasing rainfall and slope gradient, Rn values decreased in general. The practice with higher Rn could reduce more runoff discharge and increase soil moisture content with similar performance in sediment control.

关 键 词：黄土高原 水土保持措施 减水减沙比 

分 类 号：P333.4[天文地球—水文科学]