琼江河流域森林生态系统水源涵养能力估算  

Estimation of forest water conservation capacity in Qiongjiang River watershed

作　　者：刘璐璐[1,2] 邵全琴[1] 刘纪远[1] 杨存建[3] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京100101 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [3]四川师范大学,四川成都610048

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2013年第3期451-457,共7页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：国家973计划项目(2009CB421105);国家973计划项目(2010CB950902);国家科技支撑计划重点项目(2009BAC61B01)

摘　　要：森林生态系统的水源涵养功能是其生态功能的重要组成部分。琼江流域森林生态系统是长江上游生态屏障的重要组成部分,其森林生态系统的水源涵养功能将极大地影响当地的生产生活。文章以四川省遂宁地区琼江河流域2007年森林资源二类调查数据为基础,运用综合蓄水能力法,比较了研究区不同森林类型、林龄、海拔、坡度下的林冠降雨截留能力,枯落物最大持水量和土壤蓄水能力,评估了区域尺度森林生态系统的水源涵养能力。结果表明,2007年,研究区内森林生态系统涵养水源总量为1125.02×104m3。其中,林冠层截留占总涵养水源量的18.07%,枯枝落叶层持水量占3.34%,土壤蓄水量达到78.59%,是森林涵养水源的主体。柏木因其面积上的优势,使得其水源涵养贡献率最大,达到92.44%;阔叶混交林单位面积涵养水源量最大,达到1 568.39 t.hm-2,其次是针阔混交林（1 517.10 t.hm-2）,经济林（1 461.99 t.hm-2）,针叶混交林的水源涵养能力最弱,仅1 045.39 t.hm-2,主要是因为研究区内针叶混交林土壤的非毛管孔隙度较小。因绝大多数有林地的海拔都处在300-500 m处,使得其水源涵养贡献率最大,达到98.65%。同时,平坡森林生态系统的水源涵养能力最强,达到1171.92 t.hm-2,其次是缓坡,可达1150.59 t.hm-2,能力最小的是陡坡森林生态系统,仅1147.34 t.hm-2。近50 a来,研究区内森林覆盖率变化较大,按照其＂十二五＂规划,研究区在2015年森林覆盖率将达到45%,根据其森林面积的变化估计其森林涵养水源量可达1 511.2×104m3。在对研究区水源涵养功能及其差异认识的基础上,进行合理经营与管理,可以最大限度地发挥森林生态系统服务功能。Water conservation is an important service function of forest ecosystem. Forest ecosystem of Qiongjiang River watershed is a significant ecological barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and its water conservation function would greatly influence the local development. Based on the forest resource inventory data of 2007, the water conservation function of forests in regional scale was assessed using integrated storage capacity method. The canopy interception, litter containment and soil water storage of different forest types, age groups, elevations, and slopes in the Qiongjiang River watershed were also analyzed. The results showed that the water conserved by forest in study area was totally 11.250 million cubic meters in 2007, in which 18.07% was stored in the canopy, 78.59% in soil layer, and3.34% in the litter layer. The contribution of Cupressus on water conservation reached to 92.44% due to its largest area. From water conservation capacity per unit, broad-leaved mixed forest showed the greatest capacity reached to 1 568.39 t-hm2, followed by coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest （1 517.10 t·hm-2） and economic forest （1 461.99 t·hm-2）. The conifer mixed forest showed just 1 045.39 t·hm-2 because its lower soil non-capillary porosity. The water conserved by forests distributed on the altitude of 300-500 m reached to 98.65%. Meanwhile, the water conservation function of the forest distributed on the flat slope and gentle slope reached to 1 171.92 t·hm-2 and 1 150.59 t·hm-2 respectively, and steep slope showed lower of 1 147.34 t·hm-2. According to the ＂latest five-year plan＂, the forest coverage of study area will reach to 45% in 2015; therefore it is estimated to conserve 15.11 million cubic meters water. Sustainable management of forest ecosystem would play an essential role in enhancement of water conservation function.

关 键 词：琼江河流域 水源涵养 林冠截留 枯落物持水 土壤蓄水 

分 类 号：S715.7[农业科学—林学]