中国不同区域油菜氮磷钾肥增产效果  被引量:53

Increasing Effect of N, P and K Fertilizer on Rapeseed in Different Regions of China

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作  者:李慧[1] 马常宝[2] 鲁剑巍[1] 李小坤[1] 任涛[1] 丛日环[1] 

机构地区:[1]华中农业大学资源与环境学院,武汉430070 [2]全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京100026

出  处:《中国农业科学》2013年第9期1837-1847,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基  金:国家油菜产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-13);"十一五"国家科技支撑计划重点项目课题(2010BAD01B05);国家测土配方施肥项目

摘  要:【目的】研究中国油菜氮、磷、钾肥增产效果,明确不同区域油菜施肥效果概况和区域特点,为区域推荐施肥提供理论基础。【方法】总结2005—2010年中国2 106个油菜田间试验数据,通过计算获得最高产量时氮、磷、钾肥的增产量、增产率和农学利用率,分析各油菜区域施用化肥的增产效果。【结果】中国油菜施用氮肥增产量和增产率均值分别为1 044 kg.hm-2和87.4%,主要分布在500—1 500 kg.hm-2和5%—100%范围内,99%的试验有增产效果;磷肥增产量和增产率均值分别为634 kg.hm-2和39.9%,主要分布在200—1 000 kg.hm-2和5%—40%范围内,94%的试验有增产效果;钾肥增产量和增产率均值分别为420 kg.hm-2和22.9%,主要分布在100—600 kg.hm-2和10%—40%范围内,88%的试验有增产效果。每千克氮肥(N)、磷肥(P2O5)、钾肥(K2O)平均增收油菜籽6.2、7.8和5.4 kg。长江下游冬油菜区氮、磷肥的增产效果最好,增产率均值分别为128.8%和51.3%,长江中游冬油菜区钾肥增产效果最好,增产率均值为24.6%,春油菜区氮磷钾肥施用增产效果较低,增产率均值分别为42.6%、31.6%和21.3%。【结论】中国油菜施用化肥增产效果显著,具体表现为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥,氮素是影响油菜产量的主要养分因素。春油菜区氮磷钾肥增产效果较差,长江下游冬油菜区氮、磷肥增产效果最好,长江中游冬油菜区钾肥增产效果最好。部分试验施用肥料不增产或肥料用量不合理,需要进一步改进施肥量,实现油菜施肥高产高效。[ Objective ] Field experiments were carried out to study the yield-increasing effect of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K20) fertilization in various rapeseed regions in China. General situation and regional characteristics were studied to provide a theoretical basis for a regional recommended fertilization. [Method] Increased yield, increase rate and agronomic efficiency (AE) were calculated based on the data from 2 106 field experiments in China from 2005 to 2010, which were used to analyze the yield-increasing effect of N, P and K fertilizer in different rapeseed regions. [Result] 99% of the rapeseed field experiments in China showed yield increment under N fertilization. The average of increased yield and rate were 1 044 kg.hm^-2 (in the range of 500-1 500 kg.hm^-2) and 87.4% (in the range of 5-100%), respectively. Similarly with N fertilization, around 94% of the rapeseed field experiments presented yield increase when P fertilizer was applied. The average of increased yield and rate were 634 kg.hm2 and 39.9%, which were mainly distributed in the range of 250-1 000 kg.hm^-2 and 5-40%, respectively. Also there was 88% of the rapeseed field experiments showed yield increase when K fertilizer was applied. The average of increased yield and rate were 420 kg.hm^-2 and 22.9%, mainly distributed in the range of 200-1 000 kg.hm^-2 and 10-40%, respectively. Every kilogram of N, P2O5 andK20 would increase 6.2, 7.8 and 5.4 kg rapeseed, respectively. The yield increasing effect of N and P fertilizer was better on winter rapeseed in lower part of the Yangtze river than other regions, the average of its increase rate was 128.8% and 51.3%, respectively. The yield-increasing effect of K fertilizer on winter rapeseed in middle part of the Yangtze river was the best, with the averaged increase rate of 24.6%. The yield-increasing effect of N, P and K fertilizer on spring rapeseed was lower, with the average increase rates of 42.6%, 31.6% and 21.3%, respectively. [ Conclusion ] The fertil

关 键 词:油菜 种植区域 氮肥 磷肥 钾肥 增产效果 

分 类 号:S565.4[农业科学—作物学]

 

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