指称关系和任意关系、差异关系——索绪尔语言符号观排除外在事物原因探究  

The reference relation, the arbitrary relation and the difference relation: Analyzing reasons for Saussure's elimination of the thing and the objective reality from the linguistic semiology

作　　者：屠友祥[1] 

机构地区：[1]山东大学

出　　处：《外语教学与研究》2013年第3期339-350,479,共12页Foreign Language Teaching and Research

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"索绪尔手稿再研究"(09BWW022);教育部人文社科基地重大项目"符号科学的发展和文学理论的突破"(12JJD750014)的阶段性成果之一

摘　　要：索绪尔所称的现实是言说者意识中的语言事实,是心理现实或符号现实,不是本维尼斯特以为的外在的事物或客观现实。同样,一切发音行为只有在言说者的听觉印象当中才成为语音现实。索绪尔不探究词与物的指称关系,注重词与意义的任意关系、词与词的差异关系,这是以言说者的意识为出发点看待问题导致的结果。概念和听觉印象都是纯粹意识的事实,具有均质性,能构成整体性,而事物与名称两者之间不具有这样的特性。概念与听觉印象的关系构成的总体远比事物和名称的构成体要完整。现实是价值、单位和同一性;概念与听觉印象的关系和价值是人为地、外在地赋予的,它们在同一性和现实之中是任意的关系。词与意义的任意关系,有效地拓展了语言符号蕴含意义的无限可能性。词与词的差异关系,具有产生无限的意义和价值的潜能。词与物的指称关系则虚化或忽略了词与词的关系,虚化或忽略了意义的明确存在,脱离了符号的一般法则,因此,索绪尔排除客观现实、外在事物在语言符号学中的存在。The reality Saussure mentioned is not what Benveniste understood as a thing in the objective world, but the linguistic fact in the consciousness of speakers, the psychological reality. Similarly, all the phonatory behaviors can become phonatory realities only when they appear in the acoustic image of speakers. Instead of investigating the reference relation between 'word' and 'thing', Saussure focused on the arbitrary relation between 'word' and 'meaning' and the difference relation between 'word' and 'word'. The concept and the acoustic image are both the facts of pure consciousness, and can make up a totality, but such characteristics do not exist between the sound image and the thing. The totality established by the relationship between the concept and the acoustic image is far more complete. The reality is the unity of a value, a unit, and an identity. The relation between the concept and the acoustic image is arbitrary. The arbitrary relation opens up an infinite possibility for the linguistic sign. The difference relation between 'word' and 'word' has an unlimited potential for meaning and value, while the reference relation between 'word' and 'thing' ignores the relation between 'word' and 'word', and therefore eludes the general law of signs. That explains why Saussure eliminated the thing and the objective reality from the linguistic semiology.

关 键 词：心理现实 客观现实 事物 指称关系 任意关系 差异关系 

分 类 号：H0[语言文字—语言学]