先商文化时期家畜饲养方式初探  

A Preliminary Study of the mode of Domestic Animal Husbandry in the Pre-Shang Culture Period

作　　者：侯亮亮[1] 李素婷[2] 胡耀武[3] 侯彦峰[2] 吕鹏[4] 曹凌子[5] 胡保华[6] 宋国定[3] 王昌燧[3] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所人类演化实验室,中国科学院大学,北京市100044 [2]河南省文物考古研究所,河南郑州市450000 [3]中国科学院大学科技史与科技考古系,北京市100049 [4]中国社会科学院考古研究所,北京市100710 [5]郑州大学历史学院考古系,河南郑州市450001 [6]武汉大学历史学院,湖北武汉市430072

出　　处：《华夏考古》2013年第2期130-139,共10页Huaxia Archaeology

基　　金：中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA05130303);中国科学院-德国马普学会伙伴小组项目(KACX1-YW-0830);国家科技支撑计划课题(2010BAK67B03)的资助

摘　　要：发轫于河北中部地区的先商文化,在南迁过程中逐渐与中原当地的考古学文化发生交流和融合,并发展壮大从而建立了商朝。系统探索先商文化家畜的饲养方式、不同家畜对先民肉食资源的贡献以及与中原地区考古学文化在家畜饲养方式上的异同,可望为探索商族崛起之谜及与中原地区考古学文化的承继性提供重要的借鉴。河南安阳鄣邓遗址兽骨的C、N稳定同位素分析显示:猪、狗和牛的δ13C值较高,主要以C4类(粟类的副产品等)为食;而羊的δ13C均值较低,则以C3类(野生草本植物等)为主。显然,不同家畜食物来源的差异,与先商先民采取的不同饲养方式密切相关。家畜与先民同位素数据的比较分析表明,猪、狗、牛皆有可能为先民的主要肉食来源,而羊则可能被另作他用。此外,鄣邓遗址与中原地区若干遗址家畜的稳定同位素分析还显示,先商先民保持了中原地区猪、狗的传统饲养方式,即依赖旱作农业和人类的残羹冷炙来饲喂猪和狗;牛、羊的饲养,虽依然遵循了引入初期所创建的饲养方式,即以旱作农业的副产品(茎、秆、叶等)喂食牛而以野生草本植物放养羊,但表现出越来越依赖于旱作农业的趋势。First emerged in central Hebei and then moved southward along the east side of the Taihang Mountains, the proto-Shang people interacted with the local habitants in their migration and finally settled down in the Central Plains （Henan） . Attempts to com- pare the animal feeding strategies adopted by proto-Shang societies and those by societies in the Central Plains will allow us to evaluate how animal feeding strategies changed in developing proto-Shang societies. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses were performed on animal and human bones from the Zhangdeng site in Anyang City, Henan Province. The results show that δ^13C values of pigs, dogs and cattle are generally higher than that of sheep/goats, indicating that the former may rely primarily on C4 plants and the latter on C3 plants. Compared to 813 C and 815 N values of human bones from the other site of the central plain, the similar isotopic patterns in pigs, dogs and cattle imply that these animals were the main meat resource for humans. In addition, the proto-Shang people, although having settled down in the Central Plains for a while, seemed to still maintain the Central Plains traditional strategies for feeding domestic animals such as pigs and dogs, i.e. , feeding with surplus of agricultural products （ millets for example） . Cattle were believed to be fed by by-products from the millet agriculture （ stem, stalk, leaves, etc. ）, and sheep/goats by wild plants, as they were in the beginning of their introduction into the Central Plains people＇ s lives.

关 键 词：鄣邓遗址 先商文化 C N稳定同位素 饲养方式 

分 类 号：S8-09[农业科学—畜牧兽医]