尼泊尔佛塔曼荼罗造像考述(上)  

He Buddhist Stupa Mandala of Nepal(1)

作　　者：张同标[1] 

机构地区：[1]湖南工业大学包装设计艺术学院,湖南株洲412008

出　　处：《湖南工业大学学报（社会科学版）》2013年第3期40-51,共12页Journal of Hunan University of Technology(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目"长江流域宗教文化"(11&ZD117);湖南省哲学社会科学基金项目"中国佛教造像的古印度渊源研究"(12CCB004)

摘　　要：散布尼泊尔加德满都盆地的大量的石制佛塔,通常在塔身四方雕刻四方佛,按照右旋顺序,从东方起雕造阿閦佛、宝生佛、阿弥陀佛和不空成就佛,以佛塔自身作为大日佛的象征,共同形成金刚界曼茶罗五佛信仰系统。部分佛教也雕造了佛母、天王和护法忿怒像。这类佛塔在中国内地也多有表现,并可与中国汉译密教佛典相互照应。随着密教的进一步发展,在尼泊尔等地又形成了本初佛的概念,以佛塔自身象征本初佛,原先居于中间主位的大日佛反而退居于阿閦佛与宝生佛之间,位于佛塔的东南隅。类似的佛塔曼荼罗起源于印度,而极盛于尼泊尔,在中国西藏也有类似的造作,并出现在唐喀佛画中。尼泊尔的佛塔曼茶罗介于佛教美术从印度向中国传播的中间地带,也兼有中印两国的某些特色。Kathmandu Basin of Nepal has stone stupas everywhere. Except some large stupas such as 3wayamD- hu, there are also many Votive stupas scattering in the streets and temples, which are carved with four - side Bud- dhas around. According to the Clockwise order, they are Akshobhya, Ratnasambhava, Amitabha and Amoghasid- dhi. Together with the Great Day Tathagata, they composed the mandala five Buddha belief system. Some Bodhisattva, heavenly kings and Dharma are also carved. Similar stupas can be found in China as well, echoing with the Tantra Buddhist scriptures in Chinese. With the further development of the Tantrism, the concept of Adi - buddha come into being, which was symbolized by the prime stupa. Samantabhadra, which stayed in the centre,then retired to the middle of Akshobhya and Ratnasambhava, and located in the south - east of the stupa. This type of stupa mandala originated in India and prospered in Nepal, and similar stupas can also be found in the Tang hatem Buddha paintings in Tibet. Nepal＇s Stupa mandala is in the middle zone of the Buddhist arts spreading from India to China, and combines some characteristics of the two countries.

关 键 词：尼泊尔佛塔 金刚界曼荼罗 五禅佛 本初佛 

分 类 号：B946.5[哲学宗教—宗教学]