灌水定额对旱区苹果园土壤水盐再分布的影响  

Effects of irrigation quota on moisture and salt redistribution in apple orchard soil in arid region

作　　者：郭全恩[1,2] 王益权[3] 南丽丽[1] 曹诗瑜[2] 

机构地区：[1]甘肃农业大学甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室,兰州730070 [2]甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所,兰州730070 [3]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2013年第7期1863-1870,共8页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41163002);国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD05B03);甘肃农业大学干旱生境作物学重点实验室开放基金项目(GSCS-2010-15);甘肃省自然科学基金项目(0803KJZA04,1208RJZA142);甘肃瓮福集团土壤改良剂项目(TFSQYHZ-10-01);甘肃省高校基本科研业务费专项资助

摘　　要：以甘肃省秦安县盐渍化苹果园土壤为研究对象,采用大田试验的方法在苹果花期研究了不同灌水定额(0、900、1800、2700、3600 m3.hm-2)对果园0～100 cm土层水盐再分布(10、20、30 d)的影响.结果表明:随着灌水定额的增大,Na+淋溶深度增加,且再分布的滞后效应明显;Ca2+的"零通量面"逐渐消失;Mg2+的"零通量面"面宽逐渐增加;Cl-淋溶迁移方式由波动式变为直线式,蒸发迁移方式由波动式变为阶梯式;SO42-再分布方式呈点穴式;HCO3-再分布累积层位逐渐上移.在地下水位埋藏较深的土壤剖面中部存在一个"盐分零通量面",在水分再分布过程中,"盐分零通量面"的位置逐渐向下移动,体现旱地土壤水分耗竭特征.灌水定额在2700～3600 m3.hm-2时,灌溉有利于土壤剖面0～100 cm土层盐分和水溶性Na+的淋洗;灌水定额在1800 m3.hm-2以下时,灌溉加速了土壤表层盐分的累积.从钠盐淋洗和节水两方面综合考虑,旱区盐渍化果园土壤春季适宜的灌水定额为1800～2700 m3·hm-2.Taking the salinized apple orchard soil in Qin＇ an County of Gansu Province, Northwest China as test object, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different irrigation quota （0,900, 1800, 2700, and 3600 m3 · hm-2） on the redistribution of moisture and salt in 0-100 cm soil profile on the 10, 20, and 30 d during apple florescence stage. With the increase of irrigation quota, the leached depth of Na＋ increased and its hysteretic effect of redistribution was more obvious, ＂the zero flux plane＂ of Ca2＋ disappeared gradually, the scope of ＂the zero flux plane＂ of Mg2＋ increased gradually, the leaching-migration mode of Cl- changed from ＂ fluctuation＂ to ＂straight-line＂ and the evaporation-migration changed from ＂fluctuation＂ to ＂ladder＂, the redistri- bution pattern of SO42- showed ＂ point＂, and the position of redistribution and accumulation of HCO3- shifted gradually from the bottom to upper layer in soil profile. In the middle of the soil profile with deeper groundwater table, there existed a ＂zero flux plane＂ of salt, which shifted gradually from the upper layer to the bottom during the redistribution of moisture in soil profile, embodying the characteristics of moisture depletion in upland soils. When the irrigation quota was between 2700 and 3600 m3 · hm-2, irrigation was helpful to the leaching of salt and water-soluble Na＋ in the 0-100 cm soil profile. However, when the irrigation quota was 〈1800 m3 · hm-2, irrigation accelerated the salt accumulation in surface soil. Therefore, from the viewpoints of salt leaching and water-saving, an irrigation quota of 1800-2700 m3 · hm-2 in spring would be more appropriate for the salinized apple orchard soil in arid regions.

关 键 词：灌水定额 果园土壤 水盐再分布 零通量面 水溶性钠储量 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]