空无性与关系性:语言符号的根本特性——索绪尔《杂记》发微  

Emptiness and Relationship in the Saussure’s Notes Item

作　　者：屠友祥[1] 

机构地区：[1]山东大学,济南250100

出　　处：《外语学刊》2013年第4期27-32,共6页Foreign Language Research

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"索绪尔手稿再研究"( 09BWW022);教育部基地重大项目"符号科学的发展和文学理论的突破"( 12JJD750014) 的阶段性成果

摘　　要：整体之符号具有系统性和约定性,构成了整体语言,也将系统性和约定性赋予了整体语言。符号和意义永远是一体的,是我们用相同方式理解心智所呈现的两种形态,但能指和所指的两分在理论上具有必要性。符号之外壳( 能指) 是空无的,因而可以想把它当什么就能当什么。音联觉在某种程度上具有空无性,不具备固有的特性,它之具有充实性,是我们经由约定赋予它的。符号的一般法则就是词和意义( 符号和意义) 构成的整体之符号,这里没有外部存在物的位置。词与它周围存在的其他词一起处在相对而相关的关系中,从而实现意义,关系不确定,意义也就不确定。意义、价值的赋予或获取是一种集体心理行为,这种集体心理行为是凭借关系展开的,差异或关系是心理行为展开的基石与始点,也是心理行为展开的结果与终点,是一种语言现实和心理事实。每个符号本身不具有独立的存在特性,是空无的,它之具有存在特性就在于与其他符号的关系,而这种关系性是在共同的心理学系统中实现的。这是处于关系中的符号纯粹且单一的性质。Seme have the characteristics of system and convention, which make up la langue and endow it. Sign and signification uni- ted forever, they are two forms of the same spirit that we grasp, but it is necessary to distinguish signifier from signified theoreti- cally. Aposeme is empty, so, we can interpret it as we like. Phonisme has emptiness, it has not beingness, which is given to it by our convention. It is the general law of the sign that word and meaning （sign and meaning） make up seme, there is not foot- hold of belonging to the external being. The signification is realized by relations between the word and the surrounding words. It is a collective psychological behavior to give or gain the signification and value. Difference or relation is the starting point and the finishing point of psychological behavior, and it is a reality of language and a fact of psychology. Every sign itself is empty, its beingness relies on the relation with other signs, and the relationship is formed in the same psychological system, which is the single, simple quality of the paraseme.

关 键 词：空无性 关系性 整体之符号 符号之外壳 处于关系中的符号 价值 心理学系统 

分 类 号：H0[语言文字—语言学]