黄土丘陵区小流域土壤氮素流失规律  

Soil Nitrogen Loss by Erosion as Affected by Vegetation Cover and Comprehensive Managements in Zhifanggou Catchment of Hilly Loess Plateau

作　　者：张兴昌[1] 邵明安[1] 

机构地区：[1]黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨陵712100

出　　处：《地理学报》2000年第5期617-626,共10页Acta Geographica Sinica

基　　金：中科院重大研究项目!(KZ951 -B1 -2 1 1 );国家自然科学基金资助项目!( 49871 0 4 9);中国科学院"西部之光"人才培养项目![Found

摘　　要：以 8 .2 7km2纸坊沟流域和 1∶ 40 0比例流域模型为研究对象 ,研究小流域土壤氮素随径流流失规律。结果表明 :在模拟降雨下 ,当流域植被覆盖度分别为 60 %、 40 %、 2 0 %和 0时 ,流域模型土壤铵态氮流失量分别为 87.0 8、 44.31、 2 5.1 6和 1 3.71 kg/km2 ,硝态氮为 85.50、74.0 5、 63.95和 56.2 3kg/km2 ,全氮为 0 .81、 1 .1 8、 1 .98和 7.51 t/km2 ;在自然降雨下 ,1 998年与 1 992年相比 ,全流域年土壤侵蚀量为 1 0 86t/km2和 1 1 1 9t/km2 ,氮素流失量为 7562 .2kg和 8758.5kg,减少了 1 5.8% ,其中农地减少了 52 .0 %。流域对降水中的矿质氮具有过滤作用 ,硝态氮的过滤作用明显高于铵态氮。洪流泥沙中 <2 0 μm微团聚体富集造成了泥沙有机质和全氮的富集。植被覆盖虽能有效地减少流域土壤侵蚀和全氮的流失 ,却能增加土壤矿质氮的流失。坡地退耕还林草可显著减少流域土壤氮素流失。It is agreed in most researches that vegetation coverage can effectively reduce soil erosion and this reduction is attributed to interception of rainfall by stems and leaves, fixation of soil by roots and resistance of vegetation covers to runoff movement. But because total soil nitrogen mainly exists in organic forms and combines with soil particles, vegetation covers, preventing soil particles from being eroded, reduce soil total nitrogen loss. The effect of vegetation covers on soil erosion will be intensified as the vegetation coverage is increased. Unlike total soil nitrogen, mineral soil nitrogen (NH + 4 N and NO - 3 N) mainly exists inside soil liquid and attaches itself to the surface of soil particles. The catchment model of 1∶400 scale under artificial rainfall conditions with rainfall intensity of 2 mm/min and rainfall amount of 60mm in 1998 and the original catchment with an area of 8 05 km 2 under natural rainfall conditions in 1992 and 1998 were utilized to study the relationship of the nitrogen loss of catchment flood with vegetation coverage and comprehensive control to erosion. This research is aimed at finding out the relationship between comprehensive catchment control and nitrogen loss by erosion that will serve as the scientific base for reseeding cropland to forest and grass. As the vegetation coverage was increased from 0 to 60%, the flow of runoff was reduced only by 19 9%; the time span from the end of rainfall to the occurrence of soil erosion was lengthened from 1 5 minutes to 10 2 minutes and multiplied 5 8 times as much; the concentration of mineral nitrogen in runoff was increased from 1 4 mg/kg to 4 5 mg/kg and multiplied 2 2 times as much. The results showed that as the vegetation coverage was increased in the catchment, the loss of mineral soil nitrogen was intensified. But further researches should be conducted as to the intensity and mechanism of the interaction between runoff and mineral topsoil nitrogen. On June 23 and August 21, 1998, the concentra

关 键 词：小流域 植被覆盖 土壤氮素 径流流失 

分 类 号：S157.1[农业科学—土壤学]