作为文化感应变化的间断熵——埃克森·瓦尔迪兹石油泄漏事故研究  

Punctuated Entropy as Culture Induced Change: The Case of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

作　　者：克里斯托弗.L.戴尔 张永春[2] 刘源[2] 杨公卫[3] 

机构地区：[1]美国罗德岛大学海事系 [2]四川外语学院成都学院英语旅游系 [3]西南民族大学民族研究院

出　　处：《民族学刊》2013年第4期20-34,109-112,共19页Journal of Ethnology

摘　　要：间断熵在文化领域被定义为一种永久的衰退,是人类文化系统对环境适应灵活性的永久萎缩,它预测并解释了灾后人类系统不能重建的原因。1989年发生于埃克森·瓦尔迪兹的石油泄漏事故是一次技术性灾难,对威廉王子湾地区的商业性捕鱼和建立在生存资料基础上的社区生活模式造成了严重的影响,并在其随后的灾后重建中表现出明显的间断熵过程。究其原因在于:(1)自然资源基础受到严重损坏,影响了原有的生计方式;(2)外来援助的方向性错误或有所保留,致使当地居民的精神创伤加剧;(3)灾后地区政治生态妨碍人类与环境互动传统模式的恢复。威廉王子湾地区作为自然资源社区,代表了一种文化上适合可持续发展的能力,那么他们应该被竭力保护,而不是被排斥或消除。对此,人类学家应该致力于研究如何对抗间断熵,为预防、应对和缓解灾难创造出文化上适宜的新方法。This article grew out of the observation that as disaster events increase in frequency and severity,recovery from certain kinds,or combinations of,disasters becomes increasingly difficult,if not impossible. This phenomenon is not new. Throughout history,civilizations have faced ecological and cultural collapse resulting from drought,disease,or earthquake. It is made more cogent,however,by the rapidity of modern culture change,and the increased risk associated with human induced catastrophes,also known as technological disasters. In the article,the author defines the non recovery of human systems from disaster events as punctuated entropy,and applies the concept to the case of the Exxon Valdez oil spill that happened on March 24,1989,a spill for which data exist on the long term impacts to culture,community,and economy. It thus provides an invaluable opportunity to examine the ongoing effects of a catastrophe that has laid bare the core human environment relationship that is now so threatened by the contemporary abuses of our global village. Punctuated entropy is defined as a permanent decline in the adaptive flexibility of a human cultural system to the environment brought on by the cumulative impact of periodic disaster events. It predicts and explains the non recovery of human systems after a disaster. Disasters are conceptualized here as either technological or natural. Natural disasters arise from the biophysical environment,and most documented cases of successful adaptation are in response to natural disasters. Technological disastersarise from failures of technology resulting from either human error or system breakdown. Cumulative natural disasters can also induce punctuated entropy,and may include serial earthquakes followed by landslides or tsunamis; extended droughts followed by sandstorms,or repeated severe flooding events （ Piers et al. 1994： 27 ） . Technological disasters can have cumulative effects known as ＂secondary disasters＂ （ Erickson 1976） , which include cultural,social,and econo

关 键 词：埃克森·瓦尔迪兹石油泄漏事故 间断熵 灾后恢复 灾难人类学 

分 类 号：C912.4[经济管理]