中国冬小麦需水量时空特征分析  

Analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of water requirement of winter wheat in China

作　　者：孙爽[1] 杨晓光[1] 李克南[1] 赵锦[1] 叶清[1,2] 解文娟[1,3] 董朝阳[1] 刘欢[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193 [2]江西农业大学园林与艺术学院,南昌330045 [3]沈阳农业大学农学院,沈阳110866

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2013年第15期72-82,共11页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费(200903007);国家科技支撑计划(2012BAD20B04)

摘　　要：作物需水量是科学确定灌溉时期和灌溉量的重要依据。该文基于中国冬小麦种植区22个省(市、自治区)356个气象站点的气候资料以及冬小麦生育期资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和作物系数计算了中国冬小麦1961-2010年全生育期及不同生育阶段的需水量,明确了研究区域内冬小麦需水量的空间分布特征和年代际变化特征,并结合降水量时空分布特征,综合分析冬小麦生长季内水分满足情况。研究结果表明:除播种-越冬(出苗)生育阶段冬小麦降水量空间分布特征不明显外,全生育期及各生育阶段冬小麦降水量空间分布特征均为东南沿海地区高西北内陆地区低的分布特征;除返青(出苗)-拔节生育阶段冬小麦需水量空间分布特征不明显外,全生育期及其他各生育阶段空间分布特征均呈西北高东南低的分布趋势;冬小麦全生育期和各生育阶段需水量近50a来均呈下降趋势,尤其是全生育期及开花-成熟生育阶段内需水量下降趋势更明显,返青(出苗)-拔节生育阶段下降速率较少;若不考虑灌溉条件,从全国尺度来看,华南冬麦区和长江下游冬麦区水分满足情况较好,其他区域冬小麦各个生育阶段的降水条件均不能满足水分需求。比较各区域典型站点冬小麦水分满足情况,北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、新疆冬春麦区和西南冬麦区水分亏缺比较严重,比较水分亏缺严重区域的冬小麦各个生育阶段的水分满足情况看出,相对水分亏缺程度较轻的为播种-越冬生育阶段,开花-成熟生育阶段冬小麦的水分亏缺程度最严重,该生育阶段是决定冬小麦千粒重的关键期,有灌溉条件地区适时灌溉,对保证高产稳产具有重要意义。Crop water requirement （ETC ） is the basis for farmland water management and irrigation.Based on the meteorological data from 356 stations of 22 provinces （cities、and autonomous regions） and the data of the growth period of the winter planting area in China, the water requirement （ETC ） of winter wheat of the whole growing period and different growth stages during 1961-2010 in China were estimated by using FAO Penman-Monteith equation and crop coefficient method, and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of ETC were cleared. Combined with the spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation, the water-meeting situation of winter wheat during the growing season was analysed. Results revealed that the spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation of the whole growing period and different growth stages of winter wheat were all significant which were higher in the southeast coast areas and lower in the northwest areas except the growth stage of sowing to over wintering （emergence）. Except during the growth stage of turning green （emergence） to jointing, the spatial distribution characteristics of ETC of the whole growing period and different growth stages of winter wheat were all significant, which were higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast. The ETC of winter wheat of the whole growing period and different growth stages were decreased over nearly the past 50 years, especially the whole growing period and the growth stage of flowering-to-ripening. The growth stage of turning green （emergence） to jointing decreased the slowest. From the national average angle, except for the regions of Huanan and the lower reaches of Yangtze River where the conditions of water-meeting were better, the precipitation of the whole growing period and different growth stages of winter wheat can not meet the demand of water in other regions, ignoring the irrigation conditions. Comparing the water-meeting of winter wheat of the typical stations of different regions, the water

关 键 词：降水量 气象 灌溉 冬小麦种植区 冬小麦 需水量 时空分布 

分 类 号：S274[农业科学—农业水土工程]