明代颁历民间及财政问题  

Governmental Monopolization and Supply of Almanacs in Ming Dynasty:Circulation and Its Financial Problem

作　　者：汪小虎[1] 

机构地区：[1]华南师范大学公共管理学院,广州510006

出　　处：《自然科学史研究》2013年第1期13-35,共23页Studies in The History of Natural Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大招标项目"中外科学文化交流历史文献整理与研究"(项目编号:10&ZD063);上海市哲学社会科学基金项目"中国古代计量名家研究"(项目编号:2004BLS005);2013年度教育部人文社科研究青年基金项目"中华帝国后期的时间管理--明清时代之颁历制度研究"(项目编号:13YJC770044)

摘　　要：明代颁历普通官民及财政问题,体现出颁历制度与国家政策、赋役体系、社会民生及风俗文化的多面关系。宋元以来,朝廷垄断颁历权,施行历书(历日)专卖制度。明初,官府颁历征收工本钱,明太祖免除此费。印历用料从贡赋路径征敛,先为民间解纳历日纸张等实物,后改征折色银。明朝京官有专处领历,民间获得历日往往需要通过官府渠道。历日不得售卖,送历风俗相当盛行。官颁历日实际上已经成为一种紧俏物资,由特权阶层垄断支配,因此分发不均的现象相当严重。获赠历日较多者,常私下出售牟利,形成黑市。明代采用区域颁历体制供应全体臣民历日,而宣德十年(1435)朝廷大幅削减钦天监印历数额,造成直隶地区供应不足,这样导致地方官员大规模向中央输送历日,即"官历私运",极大扰乱了原有供应体制,产生了种种社会怪象。嘉靖七年(1528),明廷采取相应对策——"官历官运":取各省每年解京历日数额之半输送直隶。然而此举又逐渐演变成为中央对地方的敛财手段,到万历朝终被革除。明中后期的改革,未从根本上解决历日供应问题。最后,通过对明代颁历民间过程中生产、分配两个关键要素的分析,指出其资源配置效率不高的根源所在。Government monopolized the supply of almanacs from Song to Yuan dynasty. Emper- or Zhu Yuanzhang relieved the cost of almanacs which should be paid by people in the beginning years of Ming Dynasty. But people should hand in real objects or pay a tax as substitution. The dis- tribution of almanacs was controlled by the privileged stratum, and it was not every family which could get a almanac every year. Using almanac as gift was a custom in the Ming dynasty. There were more than ten provinces which could get the right to print almanacs, including Zhili region. But in the 10th year of Xuande reign, the government cut Zhili＇s printing amount by a big margin. As a re- sult of supply shortage, thousands of almanacs from other printing places circulated to Zhili privately. To stop the abnormal, the policy in the 7＇h year of Jiajing reign stipulated that the short supply of al- manacs in Zhili should only be circulated by the government. But this policy degenerated into a brib- able approach gradually. The innovation after the middle of Ming couldn＇t solve the problem in the supply of almanacs. Finally, through the analysis of two crucial elements in the process of conferring calendar： producing ＆ distributing, this paper points out the reason why the allocation of resource was inefficient.

关 键 词：明代 颁历 《大统历》 历书(历日) 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] F812.9[历史地理—中国史]