不同栽培模式对旱地春玉米光合特性和水分利用率的影响  

Effects of Different Cultivation Patterns on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency in Dryland Spring Maize

作　　者：张仁和[1] 胡富亮[1] 杨晓钦[1] 高杰[1] 郝引川[1] 张兴华[1] 薛吉全[1] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学农学院/农业部西北旱区玉米生物学与遗传育种国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《作物学报》2013年第9期1619-1627,共9页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2009CB118604);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-08);西北农林科技大学创新专项(QN2011086)资助

摘　　要：明确旱地春玉米高产与水分高效协调的栽培技术及其生理原因,对提高水分限制条件下玉米水分利用效率及玉米可持续生产具有重要意义。本文以郑单958为材料,于2010年和2011年在陕西长武进行大田试验,设置当地农户栽培(对照)、高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培等4种栽培模式,比较了其对春玉米光合特性和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,当地农户栽培、高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培产量平均达7.7、9.2、11.7和10.6 t hm^(-2),高产模式较对照产量分别提高20.1%、52.9%和37.7%,水分利用效率分别提高27.8%、60.9%和45.1%。与当地农户栽培相比,高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培提高了花后叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和单叶水分利用效率(WUEL)、相对电子传递速率(ETR)、PSII实际量子产额(ΦPSII)和光化学猝灭(qP);延缓了叶片衰老;花后干物质积累量分别增加29.0%、82.3%和56.1%。结果说明通过地膜覆盖、增加密度和氮肥运筹等关键栽培技术的集成与优化,可实现旱地春玉米高产与水分高效30%以上的目标;其增产增效的主要原因在于显著增强玉米花后叶片光捕获能力与光化学效率,延缓叶片早衰,促进花后干物质积累及其对籽粒的贡献率。Under water-limited conditions, increasing water use efficiency （WUE） is essential for successful maize production. This study aimed at increasing grain yield and WUE through improving crop management. A maize cultivar Zhengdan 958 was planted at Changwu of Shaanxi Province in 2010 and 2011 with four treatments including local farmers＇ practice （CK）, high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation （HHC）, super high yielding cultivation （SHC）, and super high yielding and high efficiency cultivation （SHEC）. The photosynthetic characteristics and WUE under the different cultivation patterns were analyzed. The results showed that the average yield for CK, HHC, SHC, and SHEC was 7.7, 9.2, 11.7, and 10.6 t ha-1, respectively, and 20.1%, 52.9%, and 37.7% higher than that of control. WUE was increased by 27.8%, 60.9%, and 45.1% under HHC, SHC, and SHEC, when compared with local farmers＇ practice. Compared with the control, HHC, SHC and SHEC also significantly in- creased net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, transpiration rate （Tr）, leaf water use efficiency （WUEL）, electron transport rate （ETR）, quan- tum yield （q^PSli）, photochemical quenching （qp） of photo-system II in leaf, delayed the mean decreasing rate of leaf senescence and leaf senescence duration. In addition, the post-anthesis dry matter accumulations were 29.0%, 82.3%, and 56.1% higher in HHC, SHC, and SHEC than in the control. The results indicated that grain yield and WUE could be increased through integrating and optimizing cultivation techniques in maize production, which attributed to the higher photosynthetic rate, delayed leaf senes- cence at latter growth stages and higher post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and transportation to grains.

关 键 词：玉米 栽培模式 光合特性 干物质积累与转运 产量与水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]