中国特大型城市空气污染指数的时空变化  

Spatiotemporal variations of air pollution index in China's megacities

作　　者：任婉侠[1] 薛冰[1] 张琳[2] 马志孝[1,3] 耿涌[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳110016 [2]西北师范大学地理与环境科学学院,兰州730070 [3]中国科学院大学,北京100049

出　　处：《生态学杂志》2013年第10期2788-2796,共9页Chinese Journal of Ecology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(71303230;41101126;41261112和71033004);国家科技支撑计划项目(2011BAJ06B01);科技部国际合作项目(2011DFA91810);联合国大学Urban Co-benefits项目;日本国立环境研究所Urban Air Quality项目资助

摘　　要：城市空气污染已成为制约中国可持续发展的核心环境问题,探索特大型城市空气污染的时空变化规律,对制定区域环境管理政策具有重要指导意义。以北京、上海、天津和重庆4个特大型城市为例,以2000年7月—2012年6月累计4382 d的日空气污染指数(API)为数据源,分析中国特大型城市空气质量的时空变化特征及区域分异规律。2000—2012年北京、上海、天津和重庆4个特大型城市空气质量逐年改善,2011/12年度大气优良天数比2000/01年度分别提升了60%、9%、112%和80%。但局部时段大气污染反弹并趋于严重现象频次较高;城市空气质量季节性变化明显,年度空气质量呈现"V"型规律;城市首要大气污染物已由SO_2转变为可吸入颗粒物即PM_10,表明城市大气污染源越来越复杂;城市间API季节性变化特征有趋于同步的变化趋势,大气污染已成为区域性环境问题;4个城市API变化周期均呈现300和150 d的尺度;除重庆外,北京、上海、天津的API呈现周末效应,城市API受到自然与人文因素的双重影响。Urban air pollution has been one of the key environmental problems restricting China＇s sustainable development. It is of significance to approach the spatiotemporal patterns of air pollution in megacities for the establishment of regional environmental management policies in China. Taking Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing as the study cases, and based on the database of air pollution index （API） from July 2000 to June 2012, a total of 4382 days, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and regional differentiation patterns of air quality in China＇s megacities. During 2000-2012, the air quality in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing had been improved gradually, in which, the total days with the air quality over National grades I and II in 2011/12 increased by 60%, 9%, 112%, and 80%, respectively, as compared to those in 2000/01. However, in definite periods of time, there existed the rebound of air pollution, with a higher frequency of serious pollution. The daily average API in the four megacities had a distinct seasonal variation, with the pollution accumulation type of ＂V＂. The PM10 had replaced SO2 into the primary air pollutant, indicating that the air pollution sources in the megacities were more and more complicated. Due to the synchronization trend in the seasonal variation of API among the megacities, urban air pollution had become a regional environmental problem. In the four megacities, the primary period of the daily API variation was around 300 days, and the secondary period was around 150 days. Except that in Chongqing, the API in Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin presented the ＇weekend effect＇. It was suggested the urban API was dually affected by the natural and human elements.

关 键 词：人地关系 环境政策 城市生态 空气污染指数(API) 小波变换 

分 类 号：X51[环境科学与工程—环境工程]