排华法案的宪法争议——美国排华判例中“国会全权”原则检讨  

Constitutional Disputes of Chinese Exclusion Act: Congressional Power Doctrine in the Relevant Cases in US

作　　者：邹奕[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2013年第5期132-150,共19页Global Law Review

基　　金：教育部国家留学基金"2012年国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目"(201206360039)的研究成果

摘　　要："国会全权"原则是美国最高法院支持排华立法的理论基石。基于这一原则,在移民事务中,特别是在拒绝外国人入境、递解外国人出境的事项上,法院往往服膺于国会的意志,对其相关立法的合宪性一般不加置喙。该原则由最高法院创立于一系列排华判例,并一直持续至今。它在很大程度上使得外国人权利保障沦为了美国宪政的"化外之地"。将这一司法学说置于美国排华这一历史语境下进行检视具有现实意义。在一系列排华判例中,最高法院对国会排华权力的论证缺乏明确的宪法依据。更重要的是,最高法院忽视了这一权力的宪法界限:其一,国会的立法权存在固有的禁区;其二,这一权力应当受到缔约权与司法权的制约;其三,该权力的行使有必要顾及外国人基本权利的保障。The Plenary Congressional Power Doctrine is a theoretical cornerstone upon which the Supreme Court upholds Chinese exclusion acts. Based on this doctrine, in the immigra- tion affairs, especially in the aliens＇ exclusion and deportation, courts are usually deferential to the will of Congress and often don＇ t have questions about the constitutionality of related congres- sional acts. Established by the Supreme Court in the Chinese exclusion acts and enduring till these days, the Plenary Congressional Power Doctrine causes in some sense the protection of alien＇ s rights to be a deserted area in American constitutionalism. The review of this judicial doctrine in the context of Chinese exclusion is of practical significance. In the Chinese exclusion cases, the Supreme Court justified congressional power of Chinese exclusion without a definite constitutional foundation. Worse still, the Court ignored the boundary of the power： the Constitution clearly sets forbidden areas for the power; the treaty-maki tive power; the protection of aliens＇ fundamen gress exercises its power ng power and judicial power could check the legisla- tal rights is supposed to attract attentions when Con-

关 键 词：排华法案排华判例 “国会全权”原则 外国人权利保障 种族歧视 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD911