农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践——氮磷养分循环利用技术  

Reduce-Retain-Reuse-Restore Technology for the Controlling the Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Countryside in China: Reuse of Nitrogen and Phosphorous in Agricultural Wastes

作　　者：常志州[1] 黄红英[1] 靳红梅[1] 马艳[1] 叶小梅[1] 薛利红[1] 杨林章[1] 

机构地区：[1]江苏省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,农业部长江下游农业环境重点实验室,江苏省农业废弃物资源化工程技术中心,南京210014

出　　处：《农业环境科学学报》2013年第10期1901-1907,共7页Journal of Agro-Environment Science

基　　金：国家水专项太湖项目(2012ZX07101-004-3)

摘　　要：农业面源污染已经取代点源成为水环境污染最重要的来源，其主要的污染物为各种途径排放的氮和磷，有效减少氮和磷的排放或循环利用这部分养分，不仅可以减少污染物的排放，也是实现氮磷养分资源化利用的重要途径。本文在以往研究成果的基础上，结合国内外已有研究报道，重点阐述了畜禽粪便、作物秸秆、农村生活污水及工程处理尾水中的氮磷养分利用方式、应用效果及环境效应。畜禽粪便固体部分经高温好氧堆肥后可直接还田，养殖肥水和沼液可替代25％-75％的化肥。农作物秸秆可直接还田或经堆肥化处理及能源化利用后还田。农村生活污水、农田排水及富营养化河水中的氮磷养分可利用稻田人工湿地进行处理和回用。在循环利用农业废弃物中的氮磷等养分资源时，要考虑废弃物自身及农田的特征，并与农作物的水肥管理技术相结合，兼顾环境和经济效益。The agricultural non-point source pollution has been the main cause of water quality deterioration in countryside in China. It is of- ten characterized by nitrogen and phosphorous overloading, which is directly linked to eutrophication. It is critical to think at agricultural e- cosystem level and to act in technology integrations of Reduce-Retain-Reuse-Restore （4R） for the nutrient overloading and for the control of non-point source pollution. In this article, the 4R technology to reuse nitrogen and phosphorous in animal manures, straws, wastewater from rural domestic treatments and tail water treatments was reviewed. The experiments on the reuse rates and patterns were conducted; and the application effects and the environment influence were investigated. For animal manures, the solid fraction could be applied with chemical fertilizer after the composting; while the liquid slurries could replace the chemical fertilizer by 25%-75%. For straws, returning to field di- rectly or after composting, or using as energy production resources were effective ways to reuse nutrients. To reduce the pollution risk of wastewater from rural domestic treatments and tail water treatments, the paddy-rice-wetland system was used in the experiments, which had achieved good expectation of nitrogen and phosphorous removal. The characteristics of both agricultural wastes and farmland should be con- sidered while applying wastes. The reuse of nutrients in wastes should be combined with the management of water and fertilizer to achieve sustainability in agriculture.

关 键 词：农业废弃物 氮和磷 循环利用 农田 面源污染 

分 类 号：X506[环境科学与工程—环境工程]