自组织运作过程中的能人现象  

Phenomena of Capable Persons in the Functioning of Self-organizations

作　　者：罗家德[1] 孙瑜[1] 谢朝霞[1] 和珊珊[2] 

机构地区：[1]清华大学社会学系 [2]四川大学社会学系

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2013年第10期86-101,共16页Social Sciences in China

基　　金：清华-野村中国研究中心的支持;南都公益基金会亦支持了罗家德主持的“清华大学可持续性乡村重建团队”在四川灾区从事的整村可持续性重建的社会学实验;

摘　　要：以在四川地震灾区收集的乡村社区案例为基础,并尝试比较中美两个行业协会组建历史的案例。研究发现,不同于西方的正式规则作用,中国的自组织过程是在社会关系特质下进行的,中国能人往往是一个既定社会网的中心人物,具有较强的政治精英色彩。在本土案例中,正式规则不足且均分法则经常取代公平法则;能人通常遵守人情与均分的平衡,一旦平衡打破,对能人的信任就会遭到破坏。但与西方的自组织过程一样,能人需要负担初期成本投入,后期可获得声誉回报。其中,尤为值得关注的是本土自组织中的"人情困境",即资源支配者接受资源请托者的人情请托时,假使他将资源进行有利于请托者的分配,就违背了公平法则,而且还可能遭受其他利益相关者的社会非议甚至法律惩处。这是中国能人面临的最大挑战。This study is based on a number of rural community cases collected in the quakestricken Sichuan Province,and attempts to compare the different founding histories of two industry associations in China and the United States.Our research shows that the self-organizing process in China takes place distinctively in social relationships, which is different from the Western one wherein formal rules play a major part.Chinese capable persons are usually the central figures of an established social network who are strongly tinged with political elites.In domestic cases,formal rules are generally inadequate,and equal division is often used as a substitute for the principle of fairness. Capable persons usually observe the balance of human relationships and equal division. Once the balance is broken,people's trust of the capable persons will be destroyed. Nevertheless,as in the Western self-organizing process,capable persons need to bear the costs incurred in the early period before they can reap the returns on reputation later. During the process,thedilemma of human relationships"is particularly interesting in domestic self-organizations.When a resource controller takes advantage of his position to allocate the resources favorably towards a resource trustee,he will contravene the principle of fairness,and may incur the social reproach of other stakeholders and even legal punishment.This is the gravest challenge confronting Chinese capable persons.

关 键 词：自组织 能人 人情 均分 

分 类 号：D422.6[政治法律—政治学]