天山地区三种自由放牧家畜食性和营养生态位的显微组织分析  

Microscopy Histological Analysis of Diet and Trophic Niche of Three Free Grazing Livestock in Tianshan Mountain Area

作　　者：李叶[1] 王兵[2] 黄永丽[1] 李彦飞[1] 李晴[1] 时磊[1] 

机构地区：[1]新疆农业大学动物科学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐830052 [2]新疆农业大学林学与园艺学院,新疆乌鲁木齐830052

出　　处：《家畜生态学报》2013年第9期65-68,共4页Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203041);新疆农业大学大学生创新项目(tszyp32010015)

摘　　要：为研究三种自由放牧家畜的食性及营养生态位,采集新疆地区新疆牦牛、焉耆马和巴音布鲁克羊的粪样各100份,同时将研究区域采集的主要常见植物标本进行鉴别,通过粪便显微组织分析三种家畜的食物组成及比例,并计算生态位宽度及重叠度。巴音布鲁克羊采食6科11属11种植物,主要为禾本科(58.89%)、豆科(15.84%)和莎草科(12.46%)。新疆牦牛采食7科13属13种植物,主要为禾本科(53.47%)、莎草科(17.25%)和豆科(11.51%)。焉耆马采食6科10属10种植物,主要为禾本科(54.23%)、莎草科(19.37%)和豆科(11.74%)。在食物多样性及生态位宽度方面,新疆牦牛的香农-维纳多样性指数(Shannonwiener index)与食物生态位宽度指数最高,焉耆马最低,而皮洛均匀度指数(Pielou evenness index)三者较相似。三种家畜间食性的主要差别在于采食种类和数量,与生境及采食行为关系密切。新疆天山同域分布的3种家畜之间食物重叠度较高,对食物资源表现出明显的竞争。Diet and trophic niche of three free grazing livestock were analyzed by feces microstructure technique. Fecal pellets of Xinjiang yak, Yanqi horse and Bayinbuluke sheep were collected while common plant specimens in the studied area were collected and identified through the microscope. Food composition and proportion of three livestock were identified by comparative analysis. Then the diet niche and overlap was analyzed. The gayinbuluke sheep ate plants of 6 families and 11 genera and 11 species, mainly Gra- mineae （58.89%）, Leguminosae （15.84%） and Cyperaceae （12.46%）. Xinjiang yak was fed with 7 fami- lies, 13 genera and 13 species of plants, mainly Gramineae （53.47%）, Cyperaceae （17.25%） and Legu- minosae （11.51%）. Yanqi horse ate 6 families, 10 genera and 10 species, mainly Gramineae （54.23%）, Cyperaceae （19.37%） and Leguminosae （11.74%）. In food diversity and trophic niche breadth, both of Shannon-wiener diversity index and food niche breadth index of Xinjiang yak is the highest, the lowest is Yanqi horse. Pielou＇s evenness indexes of three livestock are similar. The major diet difference among three kinds of livestock is the type and quantity of food, which have close relationship with the habitat and feeding behavior. The high degree of food overlap among three sympatric livestock in Tianshan Mountain indicated significant competition for food resources.

关 键 词：新疆牦牛 焉耆马 巴音布鲁克羊 食性分析 粪便显微组织分析 

分 类 号：S811.6[农业科学—畜牧学]