我国农业鼠害发生状况及防控技术进展  

Rodent damages and the management of agricultural rodent pests in China

作　　者：郭永旺[1] 王登[2] 施大钊[2] 

机构地区：[1]全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京100125 [2]中国农业大学,北京100193

出　　处：《植物保护》2013年第5期62-69,共8页Plant Protection

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(200903004-01)

摘　　要：我国的农业鼠害发生十分严重,全国31个省(市、自治区)农区均有发生。每年农田鼠害发生面积2 000～4 000万hm2,造成的粮食损失可占总产量的5%～10%。草原鼠害发生也遍及青海等13个草原大省(自治区),每年草原受灾面积达2 500～4 300万hm2左右,严重危害面积1 500～2 300万hm2。近年,我国农业鼠害防治工作取得了长足进步,成绩斐然。农田鼠害的防治可占到发生面积的50%～80%,农户鼠害的防治数占到发生总数的80%以上。草原鼠害防治面积占严重危害面积的1/3。鼠害监测预警体系的软硬件建设被不断推进。毒饵站技术,抗药性监测等技术措施被用来优化传统化学灭杀法,以减少其环境副作用。不育控制,TBS技术和生态管理等新型可持续鼠害管理技术的研究和试验推广也取得了丰硕成果。指导相关鼠害防治方法实践的国家标准、行业标准及优化策略等陆续推出。综合运用各种技术和方法来控制鼠害的能力得到了很大加强。Rodent pests occurred very seriously in agricultural landscapes and villages in China.They happened in almost 31 provinces（municipalities or autonomous regions）.Rodents occupy 20-40 million hm2 farmlands annually,typically causing annual losses of 5%-10% harvest.In grasslands,episodic outbreaks of rodents occupy 25to 43 million hectares annually,but heavier losses were caused to 15 to 23 million hectares annually.In recent years,management of rodent pests has made great progress in China,and obtained remarkable achievements.Rodent control activities implemented in farmlands account for 50%-80% of total acreage;as for peasant households,it accounts for more than 80% of the total.The control areas in grasslands cover about a third of the seriously damaged lands.Software and hardware for rodent pest monitoring and early-warning were constructed.Some techniques,such as poison bait station,rodenticide resistance monitoring,were used to optimize the traditional chemical method,and minimize the environmental effects of rodenticides.Some new sustainable pest management techniques such as sterile control,TBS technology and ecologically-based rodent management were experimented,and made rapid progress.National standards,industry standards,and optimized management strategies for rodent pest control were promulgated.Integrating different suitable techniques and methods to control rodents has been developed,and obtained good achievements.

关 键 词：农业鼠害 防治进展 预测预警 毒饵站 抗药性 不育控制 TBS 生态治理 

分 类 号：S443[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]