近60年新疆吐鲁番盆地坎儿井衰败的影响因素及环境效应  

Influence Factors for Karez Abandonment and Its Environmental Effects in Turpan Basin of Xinjiang Wei Autonomous Region over Last 60 Years

作　　者：李吉玫[1,2] 张毓涛[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]新疆林业科学院森林生态研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐830063 [2]新疆林业科学院博士后工作站,新疆乌鲁木齐830063

出　　处：《水土保持通报》2013年第5期239-244,共6页Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家"十二五"科技支撑计划项目"西北内陆河流域水源涵养林体系构建技术研究与示范"(2011BAD38B0505);自治区林业重大专项项目"新疆林业生态系统服务功能监测与评估"

摘　　要：近60a来,吐鲁番盆地坎儿井经历了先增加后急剧减少的变化。引起坎儿井变化的主要原因是:(1)绿洲规模不断扩大。解放初期至60年代初,坎儿井的变化和绿洲耕地面积的增加相一致,而60年代中期至今,二者变化趋势则相反。(2)坎儿井补给水源减少。60年代初,盆地开始开发利用地表水,在各流域上游和中游修建水库和防渗渠道。到1993年修建中小型水库8座,总库容达8.00×107 m3,防渗渠长达4 774km,防渗率达70%。减少了坎儿井水源的补给。(3)盲目发展机电井,掠夺式开采地下水。吐鲁番盆地机电井数量由1966年的127眼增至2009年的5 309眼,相应地年出水量由1.10×108 m3增至7.04×108 m3;机电井布局不合理,有相当数量的机电井打在坎儿井分布区或是其上游。地下水位下降,坎儿井干涸,严重影响了当地居民的生活及生态环境。具体表现在:居民生活受到严重影响,部分村庄整体搬迁;盆地坎儿井的控灌面积不断减少,同时盆地旱灾和风灾呈现不断增加趋势;由坎儿井水维持生长的天然植被面积减少了45.37%。Changes of karez showed the trend of first increasing and then declining over the last 60 years. The reasons for the dramatic changes of karez might be attributed to followings： （1） Oasis was expanded gradual ly in the Turpan basin. The changes of karez were consistent with arable land in 1949--1960, namely both increased, and however, the number and water flow of karez declined with increased arable land since the middle of 1960＇s. （2） Water supply for karez declined. In the beginning of 1960＇s, surface water began to exploite and many reservoirs and antiseepage canals were constructed. Eight large and middle reservoirs with a capacity of 0.8）K 10^8 m3 were constructed in 1993, the total length of antiseepage canals reached 4 774 km, and the seepage ratio was 70%, which caused the decline of water supply for karez. （3） Pumped wells were blindly established around the karez irrigation districts and groundwater was exploited in a plunder manner. There were 127 electric pumped wells at the end of 1966 and the number reached 5309 in 2009. Correspond- ingly, the annual discharge increased from 1. 10 X 10^8 to 7.04 X 10^8 m3. Moreover, the layout of pumped wells was unreasonable and lots of them were established in the areas where karez was mainly distributed. The groundwater decline and karez drying-up had seriously negative influences on the Turpan basin, which presented in following aspects： Daily life of residents was influenced and many villages were migrated; The areas irrigated by karezs declined from 2.17 X 10^4 hm2 in 1957 to 0.88 X 10^4 hm2 in 2003 and meanwhile, the disaster area caused by drought and windstorm increased; The vegetation area was 12.30 X 10^3 hm2 in 1975and it declined to 6.72X10^3 hmz in 2003, reduced by 45.37%.

关 键 词：干旱区 地下水 坎儿井 驱动力 

分 类 号：S273.4[农业科学—农业水土工程]