综合农艺管理对夏玉米氮效率和土壤硝态氮的影响  

Effects of Integrated Agronomic Practices on Nitrogen Efficiency and Soil Nitrate Nitrogen of Summer Maize

作　　者：靳立斌[1] 崔海岩[1] 李波[1] 杨今胜 董树亭[1] 赵斌[1] 刘鹏[1] 张吉旺[1] 

机构地区：[1]作物生物学国家重点实验室/山东农业大学农学院,山东泰安271018 [2]山东登海种业股份有限公司/山东省玉米育种与栽培技术企业重点实验室,山东莱州261448

出　　处：《作物学报》2013年第11期2009-2015,共7页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31271662);山东省现代农业产业技术体系项目;国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203100);国家科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD16B09);山东省玉米育种与栽培技术企业重点实验室开放课题资助

摘　　要：通过对播种方式、播种时间、施肥时期及用量和收获时间等农艺措施的优化组合，设置综合农艺管理和施氮量试验，研究了对夏玉米氮效率和土壤硝态氮积累的影响。结果表明，随着施氮量的增加，氮肥偏生产力显著提高，氮肥农学利用效率显著下降，氮素利用效率和氮收获指数先增加后降低，施氮184．5kghm^-2时达到最高；施氮显著提高了花前氮素积累量和0～30cm土层硝态氮累积量；0～30cm土层硝态氮累积量随施氮量的增加逐渐提高，即单一氮肥运筹下，氮效率不能持续提高，且土壤硝态氮积累量却因增施氮肥而逐渐升高。综合农艺管理的再高产高效处理（Opt-2）的氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用效率、氮素利用效率和氮收获指数均最高；花前氮素积累量较低，收获后植株氮素积累总量高于农民习惯处理且低于超高产处理；玉米收获后，0～30cm、30~60cm和60~90cm土层硝态氮累积量均低于农民习惯处理，即通过优化的综合农艺管理，夏玉米氮效率显著提高，生育期内氮素积累趋势合理，玉米收获后土壤硝态氮积累量较低。A field study with an integrated management experiment and a nitrogen （N） application rate test was conducted to ex- plore the effects of integrated agronomic practices such as sowing methods, sowing time, fertilizers amount and applied date and harvest time on N efficiency and nitrate N of sununer maize. Results showed that, with increasing N application amount partial factor productivity of applied N increased and N fertilizer agricultural utilization efficiency decreased significantly; N use effi- ciency and N harvest index increased first and then decreased gradually, and both of them reached the maximum at a N applica- tion of 184.5 kg ha-l; the N accumulation before tasseling stage and nitrate N accumulation in 0-30 cm soil increased. That means that it is difficult to realize high N efficiency and lower soil N accumulation persistently. Under integrated management of further high yield and high efficiency treatment （Opt-2）, the partial factor productivity of applied N, N fertilizer agricultural utilization efficiency, N use efficiency and N harvest index all increased significantly; the N accumulation before tasseling stage was low, but the N accumulation of plants was higher than that under farmers＇ traditional cultivation and lower than that under high yield treatment at harvest time; after harvesting, the nitrate N accumulation in 0-30, 30~50, and 60-90 cm soils was lower than that under farmers＇ practices. Therefore the N efficiency of summer maize was increased significantly and the N accumulation trend was reasonable in growing season and the soil nitrate N accumulation was lower after harvesting when the integrating agronomic practices are performed.

关 键 词：夏玉米 综合农艺管理 氮效率 硝态氮 高产高效 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]