元朝太庙演变考--以室次为中心  

An Examination of the Imperial Ancestral Temple of the Yuan Dynasty:A Study Centered on the Order of the Ancestors'Memorial Tablets in the Temple

作　　者：马晓林[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系博士后流动站研究人员,北京100871

出　　处：《历史研究》2013年第5期67-82,190,共16页Historical Research

摘　　要：元朝太庙具有鲜明的时代特色和丰富的政治文化内涵,集中体现在室次建制的演变过程中,其间伴随着蒙汉文化的碰撞与交融,以及现实政治因素的影响。自元世祖始置,太庙室次的排序规则大体经历了自西向东、太祖居中右上左下、太祖居中左昭右穆的演变过程,到泰定帝朝定型。世祖朝太庙室次变化最复杂,先是奉入术赤、察合台,继而追入也速该,后来又将他们与窝阔台、贵由、蒙哥一起迁出,个中原因多出于宣示正统的政治考量。元朝依据蒙古本俗方位尊卑观,在不行禘祫礼的情况下将室次改为太祖居中,无意中推动了礼制的发展。从此,历代自西向东排序的庙室归于消亡,而经过泰定帝重整昭穆之后的室次,对明清太庙产生了直接的影响。以是观之,元朝太庙实为中国古代礼制史上不可或缺的一环。The Imperial Ancestral Temple of the Yuan dynasty offers a striking reflection of the spirit of its times and is rich in political and cultural connotations.This is epitomized in changes to the arrangement of the temple's ancestral memorial tablets,which was influenced by clashes and accommodation between Mongol and Han cultures and by the politics of the time.From its inception in Qubilai Khan's reign,the order of the ancestral memorial tablets in the Yuan imperial temple underwent numerous changes.At first,the tablets were ranged east to west in a time sequence,then they were placed in an order in which Ghinggis Khan was in the center with others placed successively to his right or left according to the date of their accession,and then rearranged yet again under the zhāo mù system(that is,starting the count from a single ancestor,second generation tablets were placed to the left,zhāo,the third to the right,mù,the fourth to the left,and so on).The system became fixed under Emperor Tàidìng(泰定,Borjigin Yesün-Temür's reign).The most complicated changes occurred under Qubilai Khan,when Jochi,Chagatai and later Yesugai were all worshiped in the temple;but later their tablets were all moved out together with those of Ogedei,Guyuk and Mongke.This stemmed from political considerations of upholding orthodoxy.Based on the Mongol concept of the place of honor,the Yuan moved Ghinggis Khan's memorial tablet to the center without holding a ceremony of imperial sacrifice,thus unintentionally stimulating the evolution of ancient Chinese ritual. Thereafter,the east-west placing of the ancestral memorial tablets in the imperial temples disappeared.The adjustments Emperor Tàidìng made to the tablets in the imperial ancestral temple had a direct influence on such tablets'placement in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Seen from this perspective,the system of the Yuan imperial ancestral temple is an integral part of the history of ancient Chinese ritual.

关 键 词：元朝 礼制 太庙 室次 

分 类 号：K247[历史地理—历史学]