世界蜘蛛的分布格局及其多元相似性聚类分析  

Worldwide distribution and multivariate similarity clustering analysis of spiders

作　　者：申效诚[1] 张保石[2] 张锋[3] 刘新涛[1] 

机构地区：[1]河南省农科院植物保护研究所,郑州450002 [2]保定学院生化系,保定071000 [3]河北大学生命科学学院,保定071002

出　　处：《生态学报》2013年第21期6795-6802,共8页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：河南省基础和前沿技术基金资助项目(082300430370)

摘　　要：蜘蛛是一类种类繁多、数量巨大、分布广泛的捕食性生物。至2012年底,全世界共有蜘蛛43678种(包括亚种),隶属于112科3898属。科、属、种3个分类阶元的分布域非常悬殊,90%的种分布在一个界内,90%的科是跨界分布或全球分布。按行政区域,亚洲种类较多,欧洲较少,南极洲没有蜘蛛记录;按动物地理区域,古北界和新热带界较多,新北界较少。根据地理条件、生态条件和蜘蛛的分布状况,将全球陆地分为53个基础地理单元,用申效诚等新近提出的相似性通用公式和据此创立的多元相似性聚类分析方法,分别对属、种两级的分布进行分析,得到两个聚类结构相同、聚类关系合理的支序图,而且属级的支序图层次更为分明,在相似性水平为0.32时,53个基础地理单元聚为17个小单元群,在0,22水平上,又聚为8个大单元群。这些大、小单元群的组成单元地域相邻相连,生态条件相对一致,可以作为蜘蛛地理区划的界、亚界两个层级。和华莱士主要以哺乳动物建立的世界动物地理区划相比,主要差异是:1)古北界东、西两部分差异显著,可分设两界;2)新西兰和澳洲大陆相似性较低,可单独设界;3)新几内亚和太平洋岛屿与澳洲大陆的关系远于和东洋界的关系,华莱士线在两界间的作用似乎不存在;4)新热带界的中美地区似乎属于新北界更为合适,并由此产生了南北美洲间的紧密联系;5)新北界与古北界的相似性关系弱于与新热带界的关系,全北界的概念几近消失。前两点差异可以从地球板块构造的变动得到解释,第3、5个差异已在植物和其它生物类群得到佐证,第4个差异尚不稳定,需要更多类群的比较与分析。使用多元相似性聚类分析方法对于如此典型的点状分布的生物类群和如此海量的数据,能够得到如此精细的,既符合地理学、统计学的逻辑,又符合生物学、生态学逻辑的定量分析结果,这Spiders have the greatest number of individuals and species, and the widest distribution, of any predacious animals. As of December 31, 2012, a total of 43,678 spider species and subspecies belonging to 3898 genera and 112families have been reported worldwide. With respect to the three categories of species, genus, and family, distribution areas differ greatly： 90% of species are limited to a single realm, whereas 90% of families are found in at least two realms, with many distributed worldwide. Continental distributions also vary. Asia has the greatest number of spider species, with a smaller number in Europe and none in Antarctica. The greatest number of species is found in Palaearctic and Neotropical realms, the fewest in the Nearctic realm. In this study, we divided world land areas into 53 basic geographic units based on geographical conditions, ecological conditions, and distribution patterns of all known spiders. We then analyzed species and genus distributions using a similarity general formula （SGF） and multivariate similarity clustering analysis （MSCA）. In the resulting genus-based tree, all basic geographic units are clustered into 8 groups and 17 subgroups at similarity levels of 0.22 and 0.32, respectively. The eight groups are designated as East Palaearctic, West Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Australian, New Zealandian, Nearctic, and Neotropical kingdoms. The 17 subgroups, or subkingdoms, are distributed as follows： East Palaearctic kingdom （Siberian and East Asian subkingdoms）, West Palaearctic kingdom （European and Central Asian subkingdoms）, Oriental kingdom （Southeast Asian, New Guinea, and Pacific Ocean Islands subkingdoms）, Afrotropical kingdom （West African, Southeast African, and Madagascar subkingdoms）, Australian kingdom （East Australian and West Australian subkingdoms）, New Zealandian kingdom （New Zealandian subkingdom）, Nearctic kingdom （North American and Central American subkingdoms）, and Neotropical kingdom （Amazon and Andes subkingdoms

关 键 词：蜘蛛 分布 生物地理 多元相似性聚类分析 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]