涂尔干早期社会理论中的“社会”概念  

The Concept of“Society”in Durkheim's Early Social Theory

作　　者：李英飞[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院研究生院社会发展系

出　　处：《社会》2013年第6期1-29,共29页Chinese Journal of Sociology

摘　　要：涂尔干关于"社会"的理论的形成,与由以卢梭为代表的自然权利学说演变而来的抽象个人主义给法国社会造成的现实困境紧密相关。通过对该线索的详细考察,本文认为,涂尔干试图通过确立社会既是一个社会体又是一种集体意识的存在,来破除自然权利学说有关人的自然权利和社会人为性的基本观点,并以此来重新确立社会团结的基础。但是,这种两重性设定同时也暴露出涂尔干早期思想的内在困境:由于社会作为自成一类的存在,而其理论框架中没有搭建起个人与社会发生关联的方式,因此无法论证社会的正当性并找到社会团结的现实基础。Durkheim＇s early work on the theory of ＂society＂ was in response to the predicament in reality caused by the abstract individualism which had evolved from the doctrine of natural rights represented by Rousseau. There were two specific aspects in the predicament. First, lack of cohesiveness inFrench politics and society after the Revolutionindicated that political revolution or reform guided by Rousseau＇s doctrine of natural rights had not only caused failure in the political ideals of social contracts but also a disordered society. Second, bankruptciesof industrial and commercial enterprises and the conflicts between employers and employees resulting from the development of modern industry that came along with the Revolution alsoindicated that the abstract naturalrights led people down into anomie situations instead of bringing them social welfare. As seen by Durkheim, all of these rooted inthe moral dilemma of an abstract personalityhypothesis since Rousseau. To overcome this moral dilemma of abstract personality, Durkheim learned from Comte and recognized that ＂society＂ was more fundamental than politics, i.e. , a political system was simply an expression of the social system at a particular stage of civilization. Based on this, Durkheim followed the tradition of the social sciences in France and incorporated the argument onle corps social from Saint-Simon, Comte, and Spencer, trying to dispute the natural rights＇ view of social artificiality and demonstrate that human rights originated in society. Moreover, from the perspective of the collective conscience, Durkheim demonstratedthe spiritual characteristics of society, and on this basis, explainedhow to rebuild the moral authorityin modern secular society. In the final section, this paper discusses the problems from the incompleteness in Durkheim＇s early theoretical framework, i. e., the way by which individuals got connected to society.

关 键 词：自然权利 抽象人格 社会体 集体意识 

分 类 号：C91-06[经济管理]