清代漕运行程中重大问题:漕限、江程、土宜  

On Issues of the Journey of the Caoyun System: Time Limit,River Distance,Local Products

作　　者：吴琦[1] 

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《华中师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2013年第5期117-124,共8页Journal of Central China Normal University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"清代漕粮征派与地方社会秩序"(06BZS014);华中师范大学历史文化学院与日本早稻田大学合办"京杭大运河与明清时代的社会经济结构"国际学术研讨会

摘　　要：漕运行程是整个漕事活动最重要的组成部分,也是朝廷着力最大、耗时最长、费资最多的环节,而清代漕运行程中的漕限、水程、土宜诸问题集中地反映清代漕运中的重大问题,即秩序、成本以及漕运与社会的交涉。清廷对于漕运各个环节的期限都做了十分具体的规定,并制定了一系列配套规制,漕限不仅维持漕船的有序行进与漕粮抵京,更重要的是保证每年周而复始的漕运秩序,秩序之于王朝的意义在漕运事务中体现无遗;清代漕运无论是江程抑或河程,"险隘处所"在在皆有,由此所导致的直接后果是漕运的高成本,集权政治具有强大的资源调配效能,但是其所造成的社会性消耗也是巨大的;而漕船附载"土宜"意在解决漕运人员的生计问题,但客观上引发了漕运人员沿途的商业贸易活动,并将漕运活动推入长江中下游尤其是运河一线的商业链条中,成为沟通南北物质交流的重要渠道。在社会变迁中,国家事务必然与社会发生深度的交涉与互动。The journey of the Caoyun System （an inland water transportation system） was the most important part of the Caoyun System and also the part which consumed the largest government＇s effort, the longest time, and the highest expense. Meanwhile, is- sues of the time limit of the Caoyun System, the water distance and the transportation of local products during the journey reflected some significant problems of the Caoyun Sys- tem in the Qing Dynasty, such as order, cost and the negotiation between the Caoyun System and the society. The Qing government set up specific rules for every segment of the Caoyun System and also drew up a series of complementing regulations. The time limit of the Caoyun System assured not only the orderly movement of the cargo ships and the timely arrival of the grain in the capital city, but more importantly, the annual cycle of the Caoyun System. The significance of order to the empire, therefore, was ex- posed in the affairs of the Caoyun System. In the Qing Dynasty, ＂dangerous important locations＂ existed along the river and canal routes which directly led to the high cost of the Caoyun System. The authoritarian government possessed powerful efficiency in terms of the distribution of resources, while the social consumption caused by it was al- so huge. The transportation of ＂local products＂ as the attached goods of the Caoyun System meant to solve the subsistence issue of the Caoyun officials and staff, but in re- ality, it promoted the trade activities among the staff along the way and also made the Caoyun affairs more involved with the business chain along the middle and lower Yan- gtze River Valley and especially the Grand Canal, turning the Caoyun System into a ma- jor channel bridging the material exchange between the north and the south. During so- cial transformations, national affairs would always have profound negotiations and inter- actions with the society.

关 键 词：清代 漕运 漕运行程 漕限 江程 土宜 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] F552.9[历史地理—中国史]