神府东胜煤田弃土弃渣体径流产沙过程的野外试验  

A field experiment of runoff and sediment yielding processes from residues in Shenfu-Dong-sheng Coalfield

作　　者：李建明[1] 王文龙[1,2] 王贞[3] 罗婷 李宏伟[5] 金剑[6] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所/黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]中国科学院-水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100 [3]中国水电顾问集团华东勘测设计研究院,杭州310014 [4]杭州大地科技有限公司,杭州310000 [5]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100 [6]黄河水利委员会西峰水土保持科学试验站,甘肃庆阳745000

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2013年第12期3537-3545,共9页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(40771127);水利部公益性行业科研专项(201201048;201201047;201001036);中国科学院西部行动计划项目(KZCX2-XB3-13);黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室专项(10502-T1)资助

摘　　要：采用野外模拟降雨试验方法，研究了神府东胜煤田开采造成的弃土弃渣体产流产沙规律及其减水减沙效益．结果表明：随降雨强度的增大，弃土弃渣体产流的起始时间呈递减趋势，且差异达几倍至十几倍．弃渣体比弃土体更快到达稳定流速，平均流速大小为弃土体〉沙多石少弃渣体〉沙少石多弃渣体．弃土弃渣体产流6min后的径流率达到稳定，与降雨强度呈显著相关．弃土弃渣体侵蚀主要发生在产流开始后的前6min，弃土体产流后前6min的平均含沙量是6min后的0．43—4．27倍，弃渣体为1．43—54．93倍．弃土体和沙多石少弃渣体径流量与降雨强度呈线性函数关系，沙少石多弃渣体呈幂函数关系．弃土体和沙少石多弃渣体的次侵蚀量与降雨强度之间分别呈指数函数和幂函数相关．弃土体侵蚀量与径流量呈线性函数关系．在降雨强度为1．0和1．5mm·min-1条件下，弃渣体采用鱼鳞坑及植被防护的产流滞后降雨时间为24min，减水效益为29．5％～52．9％，减沙效益为85．7％-97．9％．Abstract： The processes of runoff and sediment yields from and the benefits of water and sediment reductions by the residues produced in the Shenfu-Dongsheng Coalfield were investigated by a simu- lated field rainfall experiment. The runoff generation time generally presented a decreasing trend with increasing rainfall intensity, but varied widely with the change of residue compositions. Runoff from the slag reached a steady velocity faster than that from the spoil, and the average velocities of runoff from the residues were gradually decreased in the spoil, the slag with more sand and less stone, and the slag with less sand and more stone. Runoff rates for the residues reached a steady rate 6 rain after runoff generation, and were significantly correlated with the rainfall intensities. Ero- sion on the residues mainly occurred in the first 6 min after runoff generation. Average sediment concentrations in the first 6 rain were 0.43-4.27 times of those thereafter for the spoil, and 1.43- 54.93 times for the slag. The runoff volume was a linear function of the rainfnll intensity for the spoil and the slag with more sand and less stone, and was a power function of rainfall intensity for the slag with less sand and more stone. The relationships between single erosion and rainfall intensi- ty for the spoil and the slag with less sand and more stone can be described by exponential and pow- er functions, respectively. For the spoil, the erosion rate was a linear function of the runoff volume. When fish-scale pits and vegetation coverage were adopted on the surface of the slag, the generation of runoff lagged 24 min behind initial rainfall applications at intensities of 1.0 and 1.5 mm · min-1 , and the runoff and sediment yields were reduced by 29.5% -52.9% and 85.7% -97.9%, respec- tively.

关 键 词：弃土弃渣体 野外降雨试验 产流 产沙减水减沙 神府东胜煤田 

分 类 号：S157.1[农业科学—土壤学]