基因组编辑技术及其在昆虫研究中的应用  

Genome Editing Technologies and Its Application in Insects

作　　者：王跃强[1] 郑贵斌[1] 谭安江[1] 黄勇平[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院上海生命科学研究院植物生理生态研究所,中国科学院昆虫发育与进化生物学重点实验室,上海200032

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2013年第12期1105-1111,共7页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

摘　　要：基因组编辑技术是进行功能基因组研究的重要工具.锌指核酸酶技术(ZFNs)、类转录激活因子核酸酶技术(TALENs)以及CRISPR/Cas技术是近年来发展起来的3种主流基因组编辑技术.这3种基因组编辑技术的原理都是通过在生物基因组特定位点制造DNA断裂损伤,从而激活机体自身的DNA损伤修复机制,在此过程中引发各种变异.ZFNs是最早发展的通用基因组编辑技术,可用以实施定点敲除和定点敲入变异,但ZFNs技术的发展受限于构建难度大、成本高等缺点.TALENs技术在ZFNs基础上发展而来,较ZFNs技术而言,TALENs技术具备构建灵活度高、成本低等优势.不同于ZFNs与TALENs技术,CRISPR/Cas技术具有独特的DNA靶向机制,这种机制使其非常适合进行多位点编辑.目前,3种技术都在多种物种中成功测试,例如小鼠、斑马鱼、果蝇、线虫和家蚕.在后基因组时代,这些新技术工具必将在未来功能基因组研究中发挥重大作用.Genome editing technologies are important for functional genomics study and application. Zinc finger nucleases （ZFNs）, transcription activitor-like effector nucleases （TALENs） and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein （CRISPR/Cas） system are three major genome editing technologies established in recent years. Mutagenesis induced by these three techniques is mainly through making double strand break （DSB） at a specific site and followed by DSB repair process. ZFNs is the first established genome editing technology which could be used to operate site-specific knock out and knock in. However, the ZFNs technology suffers from construction complexity, high cost and other problems. The TALENs technology, which was developed based on the ZFNs technology, is much better than ZFNs technology for higher flexibility and lower cost. The CRISPR/Cas system is different from ZFNs and TALENs technologies for its unique targeting mechanism which makes this technology more suitable for multiplexed targeting. Until now, all these technologies have been successfully tested in a number of organisms, e.g., mouse, zebrafish, fruit fly, nematode, silkworm. These genome editing tools will play important roles in future functional genomics study in the post genome era.

关 键 词：基因组编辑 归巢内切酶 ZFNs TALENs CRISPR CAS 

分 类 号：Q78[生物学—分子生物学]