个性化参赛方案与发射前行为程序对高水平射箭运动员竞赛策略、赛前心理状态及竞赛操作绩效的影响  

The Intervention Effect of Competition Scheme and Pre-performance Routines to the Performance Strategies,Pre-competition Mental State and Performance of the Elite Archers

作　　者：赵国明[1] 魏柳青 赵小坤[3] 李坤[4] 

机构地区：[1]北京市体育科学研究所,北京100075 [2]河南省体育科学研究所,郑州450044 [3]唐山学院体育部,唐山063000 [4]中央财经大学体育经济管理学院,北京100081

出　　处：《体育科学》2013年第12期39-48,共10页China Sport Science

基　　金：国家体育总局体育科学研究所基本科研业务费资助项目(基本12-22)

摘　　要：目的:采取个性化发射前行为程序和参赛方案为干预手段,旨在帮助运动员建立稳定的发射前心理、行为习惯,提高竞赛中技术操作的稳定性和准确性。方法:将18名射箭运动员(平均年龄为20.6±2.2岁)配对分为实验组与对照组,实验组施加参赛方案和行为程序干预,对照组施加同步无关授课。评价采用干预前、后测设计,内容包括赛前心理状态和操作绩效。结果:1)干预后实验组除情绪控制维度之外,在竞赛策略总分及其他维度上的提高相对于对照组均呈现了显著性差异;实验组赛前的特质自信和状态自信的提升均显著高于对照组;实验组赛前的认知焦虑和躯体焦虑的降低均显著高于对照组;2)实验组在12支箭的总环数、箭支落点半径误差、失败尝试发射频次的积极变化与对照组相比,均存在显著性差异;3)以操作绩效增量为因变量,赛前心理状态增量为自变量的回归分析发现,状态自信增量对总环数增量的预测作用显著;自动化、消极思维、放松、情绪控制增量对落点半径误差增量的预测作用显著;躯体焦虑增量对失败尝试发射频次增量的预测作用显著。结论:1)参赛方案与行为程序综合干预可有效提高射箭运动员参赛策略水平;2)参赛方案与行为程序综合干预可有效降低射箭运动员赛前焦虑并提升自信;3)参赛方案与行为程序综合干预可明显提高射箭运动员的竞赛条件下发射的准确性和稳定性;4)运动员赛前状态自信、躯体焦虑、动作自动化、消极思维、放松、情绪控制等心理状态对竞赛操作绩效有预测作用。Objective：This study aimed to improve the adaptability and satiability of the archers in competition by means of competition scheme and pre-performance routines. Methods： 18 archers were divided into experimental group and control group, all of them were professional athletes with mean age of 20.6 ~ 2.2 years old. The intervention lasted 12 weeks, pretest and posttest in the form of simulation competition were arranged. The performance strategies, competitive state anxiety, self-confidence were tested as psychological dependent variables. Also archery performanee was examined with total scores, degree of dispersion, failed attempt. Result.. The result of descriptive statistics showed that the single samples t test observed significant difference between the experimental group and the control group from the scores of performance strategies expect the dimension of emotion control. While the change level of the trait self-confidence and state self-confidence showed significant difference, the decrease of the cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety, failed attempts between two groups also showed statistic significant difference. There was significant difference of the change between the two groups on scores, intensive degree （sum of square vertical and horizontal coordinate of each arrow, then ask square root） and the failed attempts. Regression analysis showed, the increment of the scores can be predicted by the state self-confidence increment significantly; the increment of dimensions with automation, negative thought, relaxation, emotion control have a prediction function significantly for the intensive degree increment the somatic anxiety increment can predict significantly the failed attempts frequency increment. Conclusion：The intervention of competition scheme and pre-performance routines can effectively improve the accuracy and constancy of the archers in competition ; the intervention can improve the archers＇ competition strategies level and self-confidence before games, while it reduced the archer

关 键 词：参赛方案 发射前行为程序 竞赛策略 赛前心理状态 操作绩效 稳定性 

分 类 号：G887[文化科学—体育训练]