老年人意外伤害的首要病因——跌倒的评价和预防  

Evaluation and Prevention for Falls in Elder People : A Leading Cause of Unintentional Injuries

作　　者：郑华光[1] 鞠奕[1] 沈东超[1] 王琳[1] 姜睿璇 赵性泉[1] 王拥军[1] 王春雪[1] 

机构地区：[1]首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科,北京100050

出　　处：《中国卒中杂志》2013年第12期1003-1008,共6页Chinese Journal of Stroke

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(81071115);北京市卫生系统高层次卫生技术人才培养计划(2011-3-023)

摘　　要：跌倒是老年人意外伤害(包括致死性和非致死性)的首要原因。罹患神经科疾患或其他疾病的患者跌倒的风险增加。一般性的危险因素包括:年龄超过80岁、抑郁、口服药物种类超过4种、肌肉无力、关节炎、步态异常、平衡障碍、认知障碍、视敏度下降等。相关的神经科疾病有卒中、痴呆、帕金森病、周围神经病、深感觉障碍等。在1年内有跌倒病史的患者,再次发生跌倒的风险增加。合适的跌倒风险评估量表和预防方案对防止跌倒是非常关键的。本综述对跌倒的潜在危险因素进行评估,同时对跌倒预防措施的有效性进行全面评价。Falls are the leading cause of both fatal and non-fatal unintentional injuries in older people. Patients with neurologic or general conditions were associated with an increased risk of falling. Risk factors for falls include age older than 80 years, depression, use of four or more prescription medications, muscle weakness, arthritis, and impairments in gait, balance, cognition, vision. An increased risk of falls is established among persons with diagnoses of stroke, dementia, and disorders of gait and balance and probable among patients with Parkinson disease, peripheral neuropathy, lower extremity weakness or sensory loss, and substantial vision loss. A history of falling in the past year strongly predicts the likelihood of future falls. A risk-assessment tool and care plan may be an important way of managing the issue. In this review we aimed to focus on assessment of the potential risk factors as well as the effective fall prevention strategies.

关 键 词：跌倒 意外伤害 危险因素 评价 预防 

分 类 号：R592[医药卫生—老年医学]