“冠带荣身”与明代国家动员——以正统至天顺年间赈灾助饷为中心  

"Raising to Official Rank"and"National Mobilization"in the Ming Dynasty:Centering on"Raising Money for Disaster Relief"from the Zhengtong Reign Period to the Tianshun Reign Period

作　　者：方志远[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]江西师范大学历史系 [2]江西师范大学传统社会与江西现代化研究中心

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2013年第12期136-157,207,共22页Social Sciences in China

基　　金：作者承担的国家社科基金项目"明代多元化社会的形成与国家应对";赫志清教授主持的中国社会科学院重大项目"中国灾害通史"的阶段性成果

摘　　要：正统、景泰、天顺年间,明朝政府为动员民众赈灾助饷,推出以"冠带荣身"为中心的系列政策,并试图将其作为扩大财源的手段。但是,随着同一主题"国家动员"的反复进行,效果遂每况愈下。而"国家动员"一旦由权宜变为常态,性质也由应急转为敛财,从而遭致舆论的批评和民众的抵制,也迫使明廷不断降低"冠带荣身"等"国家荣誉"的准入门槛。民众对于"国家动员"认同上的变化,显示出明朝立国60至100年间,以天灾与赈灾为契机而导致的国家权力与社会财富之间发生的"异势":社会财富始而被剥夺、被强制,继而被承认、被追逐,乃至在一定程度上"俯视"国家权力。During the Zhengtong,Jingtai,and Tianshun reign periods of the Ming Dynasty,as a means of mobilizing the population to contribute to disaster relief,the Ming government promulgated a series of policies centering on raising donors to official rank in an attempt to tap new sources of revenue.However,the constant repetition of the call for'national mobilization'meant that it became less and less effective.Once it became routine rather than a temporary expedient,it turned into a means of raising revenue instead of an emergency response.Public opinion was critical and the mass of the people were against it,forcing the Ming government to lower the threshold for access to official ranks and other national honors.The changes in the population's identification with national mobilization show that 60years to 100years after the establishment of the dynasty,natural disasters and disaster relief had brought about an'altered situation'as regards state power and social wealth:social wealth,which had originally been expropriated and controlled by force,was later acknowledged and pursued,and even,to some extent,'dominated'state power.

关 键 词：明代 赈灾助饷 国家动员 社会财富 国家权力 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史]