试论清人的辽金“正统观”--以辽宋金“三史分修”“各与正统”问题讨论为中心  

Qing People's Orthodox View on Liao and Jin Dynasty — Centered on the Discussion of Orthodox View in Liao,Song and Jin Dynasty

作　　者：赵永春[1] 张喜丰[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]吉林大学文学院,吉林长春130012 [2]吉林建筑大学,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《社会科学》2014年第1期158-166,共9页Journal of Social Sciences

摘　　要：元人确立辽宋金"三国各与正统,各系其年号"的三史分修方案,承认了辽金的"正统性";明朝曾有人依据"夏尊夷卑"观念,对这一正统体系提出挑战;到了清朝,虽然也有人对这一正统体系存在不同看法,但基本上已成定论。有人认为"清朝统治者从北方民族王朝立场转向中国大一统王朝立场之后,最终也否定了辽金正统","从一个侧面彰显了近千年来华夷观念的演变轨迹"。但其实,清朝统治者无论是在坚持北方民族王朝立场阶段还是从北方民族王朝立场转向中国大一统王朝立场之后,都承认辽宋金"各与正统"的地位,这从乾隆皇帝并没有"抑辽金",允许四库馆臣在编修《四库全书》时持辽宋金"各与正统"的观点,以及钦定了包括《辽史》和《金史》在内的中国正史"二十二史"、"二十三史"和"二十四史"等方面就能体现出来。实际上,清人认为,三史分修,已成定论。"宋辽金三史的正统体系"始终未被颠覆。这说明逐渐强化"华夷之辨",按照"尊夏贱夷"思想区分正统和非正统,并非近千年来华夷观念的演变轨迹;而逐渐淡化"华夷之辨",倡导"华夷一家",才是近千年来华夷观念的演变轨迹。Yuan established three sub-repair programs of orthodox views in Song, Jin and Liao dynasty, based on their titles of emperor＇s reign and recognize the orthodoxy of Liao and Jin scholars in Ming Dynasty challenged this view on ＂Xia Zun Yi Bei＂ concept, but until Qing Dynasty the orthodox view has been accepted despite different ideas about it. Some people think Qing dynasty ruler shifted from a northern ethnic kingdom to a Chinese unified dynasty, which negates the legitimacy of Liao and Jin. From one side it demonstrates the concept of ＂Yi Di＂ varies nearly several thousand years. Qing regards Liao, Song and Jin as orthodox dynasties whether it is a northern kingdom or a Chinese unified dynasty. The Qian long Emperor did not restrict Liao and Jin, and he also allowed compiler to hold the orthodox view of Liao, Song and Jin in editing ＂Si Ku Quan Shu＂ and we can see that from revising Chinese formal history of ＂Twenty Two＂ ,＂ Twenty Three＂, ＂Twenty Four＂ and so on. The people in Qing dynasty had never rejected the orthodox view of Liao, Song and Jin. The variation of ＂Hua Yi＂ concept in recent thousands years can not be embodied based on ＂Hua Yi Zhi Bian＂ and ＂Zun Xia Jian Yi＂. However, we can clearly find the variation of ＂Hua Yi＂ concept from ＂One Family of Hua Yi＂ instead of enhancing ＂Hua Yi Zhi Bian＂.

关 键 词：辽金 正统 明朝 清朝 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]