基于两步移动搜寻法的北京城区应急避难场所可达性研究  

On the emergency shelter accessibility in Beijing based on the GIS 2-step floating catchment area method

作　　者：周爱华[1] 付晓[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京联合大学应用文理学院,北京100191

出　　处：《安全与环境学报》2013年第6期250-253,共4页Journal of Safety and Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41101144);北京市优秀人才培养资助项目(2011D005022000013;2011D005022000002);北京市哲学社会科学北京学研究基地课题(BJXJD-KT2011-B01)

摘　　要：城市应急避难所是能为城市居民提供安全避难、基本生活保障及救援、指挥的场所。应急避难场所的布局合理性及公平性可以通过可达性来衡量。以北京城区136个街道为研究单元区,基于ArcGIS平台应用两步移动搜寻法计算城区街道对应急避难场所的可达性,并分析阈值为2 000 m和5 000 m情况下街道可达性的变化,从而揭示应急避难场所空间布局的合理性。结果表明:北京城区应急避难场所空间分布不均,中心区明显好于边缘区;朝阳区在各城区中最好;街道间空间分异显著,小部分街道可享避难空间过量,大部分街道避难空间严重不足,总体上无法满足居民需要。Emergency shelters are the places where safety refuges, basic subsistence, as well as the command function, can be provided for citizens when a disaster happened in metropolitans. The availabili ty and accessibility of emergency shelters are key indexes of a rational and equal layout. A good emergency shelter can be evaluated by a crucial norm of spatial accessibility. At the meantime, the spatial ac cessibility will provide eonsultable data for urban planning. Based on the AreGIS platform, the emergency shelters are investigated as the research objects in 136 sub districts of Beijing. The Twostep floating catchment area method （2SFCA） is introduced to assess the accessi bility and the relation between demand and supply of the emergency shelters in Bcijing. The threshold values adapted to evaluate the changes of accessibility are 2 km and 5 kin. All the works mentioned above are aimed to prone the rationality of emergency shelters layout. The research also addresses the internal distribution problem by driv ing population data from subdistrict unit. The floating catchment areas cross administrative line, as well as the dwellershelter interaction, are taken into consideration in the study. By analyzing the accessibil ity change in the threshold of 2 km and 5 km respectively, the con clusion can be drawn. The results indicate that the resources of emer gency shelter are unequal in different districts in Beijing. That is the emergency shelter distribution of central urban area is better than that of fringe area. And Chaoyang District is the best area among all the six districts of Beijing. Spatial differences of all the sub districts are remarkable. The emergency shelter is excessive in a few of subdis tricts, while it is insufficient in most subdistricts. As a whole, emer gency shelter of Beijing can＇ t meet the emergency response need of dwellers.

关 键 词：安全科学技术其他学科 应急避难场所 可达性 两步移动搜寻法 北京城区 

分 类 号：TU984.116[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]