4．5—4．0kaB．P．气候变化、人口增长、条件限制与黄河中下游地区龙山酋邦社会产生  

4.5- 4.0kaB. P. CLIMATE CHANGE, POPULATION GROWTH, CIRCUMSCRIPTION AND THE EMERGENCE OF CHIEFDOM-LIKE SOCIETIES IN THE MIDDLE-LOWER YELLOW RIVER VALLEY

作　　者：吴文祥[1] 葛全胜[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2014年第1期253-265,共13页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(批准号:41172154);全球变化研究国家重大科学研究计划项目(批准号:2010CB950103);中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所"一三五"战略科技计划前沿探索项目(批准号:2012QY003)共同资助

摘　　要：黄河中下游地区龙山时代中晚期（4．5～4．0kaB．P．）酋邦社会的产生是我国史前社会演进过程中一个重要事件，关于其形成机制，学者提出了各种假说或理论，然而到目前为止，还没有一种理论能够给出令人满意的解释。本文首先根据考古和历史文献证据，揭示出龙山时代中晚期战争盛行的社会现象，从而支持了国际学术界关于战争是史前社会演化主要驱动力理论；然后利用多种自然气候记录恢复了龙山时代气候变化历史，发现龙山时代中晚期，即大约4．5～4．0kaB．P．发生了显著气候变化，其发生时间与黄河中下游地区龙山酋邦社会产生的时间比较吻合，暗示二者之间存在某种联系。另外结合人口学和社会演进理论，尝试提出另一种可供检验的假说，即认为在主要由于人口增长形成的限制条件下，气候变化作用于一定人口规模之上，引起人口一资源失衡，并进而触发的冲突和战争是黄河中下游地区酋邦社会产生的主要动因。The emergence of chiefdom-like societies in the middle-lower Yellow River valley during the late Longshan period（4.5-4.0kaB. P.）marks a very important stages in the evolution of ancient Chinese civilizations,attracting scholars in various academic disciplines. However, up to date, no hypothesis has ever given a satisfactory explanation on the mechanisms behind such an important social development. One reason is that most scholars neglected the possible role of climatic change in the evolution of ranked societies. However, recently, increasing research has substantiated the fact that climatic change may have played very role in the evolution of ancient civilizations. In this paper,previous hypotheses on the dynamic mechanism behind the emergence of chiefdoms are reviewed and rejected, and an alternative model was introduced. Firstly, we assembled the archaeological evidence that pointed to prevalence of warfare during the Longshan period, which supports the popular hypothesis that war is the main mechanism behind the social evolution. Secondly,we reconstructed the climate background of the Longshan Period during which the chiefdoms emerged in the middle-lower Yellow River valley, and found that a climatic anomaly occurred during 4.5 - 4.0kaB. P. The onset of such climatic cooling coincided closely in timing with the emergence of chiefdom-like societies in the middle-lower Yellow River valley,indicating a possible relationship between them. Based on analysis of the demographic and social evolution theories, we developed alternative model for the emergence of chiefdom-like societies in the middle-lower Yellow River valley. Our model invoked abrupt climate change as independent variable,while seeing population growth as a necessary condition rather than sufficient one and incorporating social circumscription induced mainly by population growth. This model can be summarized as：in a circumscribed environment,abrupt climate change around 4.5- 4.0kaB. P. acted on certain degree of population density level, resultin

关 键 词：4 5~4 0kaB P 气候变化 黄河中下游地区 龙山时代 酋邦社会动因 

分 类 号：K85[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K901.3[历史地理—历史学]