后禁牧时期农牧交错带草场利用和管理的探索——基于对宁夏盐池县开牧试验的实地调研  

An Exploratory Study on the Utilization and Management of Rangeland in Farming-Pastoral Ecotone After the Grazing-ban Policy:Based on The Field Study on Planned-grazing Pilot in Ningxia

作　　者：杨瑞玲[1] 齐顾波[1] 左停[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学人文与发展学院,北京100193

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2014年第1期118-125,共8页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：加拿大国际发展研究中心(IDRC)项目(编号:102005)

摘　　要：禁牧政策实施以来,草原上违规放牧现象一直是"公开的秘密",显性的禁牧政策文本与隐性的偷牧行为间形成僵局,禁牧政策的长期可持续性亦受到质疑。为打破僵局,探索禁牧草原的后续利用和管理,宁夏盐池县大水坑镇进行了开牧试验。通过对开牧试验村以及非试验村8个村庄40户农户的实地调研,研究发现开牧试验方案恢复了农户草场使用权并实行鼓励社区参与的草场管理机制,农民的滩羊养殖行为、草场使用和管理行为都发生了改变,在保证草场质量的同时农户生计得以改善。社区资源禀赋、社区精英、明晰的产权、草场管理行动的制度化、政府的监管与奖惩结合是草场社区化管理的影响因素。开牧试验启示要实现草场管理政策的可持续性,应注重草原生态保护和农户生计发展的兼顾、草场使用权的恢复、管理方案的弹性、社区参与的管理机制和生计替代政策。政策僵局的打破不能依赖于政府的数量可观的生态补偿,而需要借鉴开牧试验的经验,在更为综合的市场框架下建立纳入个人承诺和社区管理的草场使用制度。Since the grazing ban was implemented over the arid poverty-stricken northwestern China in order to convert the process of rangeland degradation and desertification, the widespread violations by the peasants had been found as an open secret. It reached an impasse between the official policy paper and the covert illegal grazing and its sustainability was questioned. To break such an impasse, the grazing trial program was conducted in Yanchi County, which located in the Steppe-desert Ecotone, the eastern part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. This field study was carried out on Yanchi grazing trial pilot, with 40 households in 8 natural villages and staff from relevant agencies interviewed. The grazing trial allowed peasants to graze on the rangeland according to a plan and community participation was introduced into the rangeland management mechanism. Peasants＇ behavior on sheep-raising, rangeland utilization and management had changed, and reached better comprehensive effects of grazingtrial than both traditional open access and grazing ban. It realized a sustainable approach taking account of the recovery of rangeland use right, rangeland conservation and peasants＇ livelihoods. It also suggested that community resource endowment, community elites, clear property rights, the institulization of rangeland management actions, the coordination of supervision with rewards and punishments from governments were the main contributors for successful community based natural resource management. Meanwhile, this community-based rangeland management provided new ideas on the solution to the Grazing-ban Impasse in Farming-Pastoral Regions. Policy makers should focus on both the rangeland conservation and peasants＇ livelihoods, the recovery of rangeland use right, the flexibility of planning, community participatory mechanism and livelihoods substitution alternatives. This article believes that grazing ban does have some positive effects on pasture conservation, but lacks of long-run sust^iinability. The solution to the g

关 键 词：禁牧政策 开牧试验 社区参与 草场管理 

分 类 号：F062.1[经济管理—政治经济学]